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1. Section 5 Reforming American Society Throughout the mid-19th century, men and women embark on a widespread effort to solve problems in American society. NEXT

2. SECTION 5 Image Reforming American Society A Spiritual Awakening Inspires Reform Many of Reform Movements had their roots in a spiritual awakening: • People in the movement emphasized individual responsibility to seek salvation, and to improve self and society • Jacksonian democracy’s stress on the importance and power of common person Continued . . . NEXT

3. I. The Second Great Awakening • 1790s–1840s, Second Great Awakening arouses religious feeling • Forum for the movement was the revival meetings that lasted for days: impassioned preaching, Bible study, emotional sermons • Membership in churches rises dramatically A. In 1800 – 1 in 15 Americans went to church B. By 1850 – 1 in 6 went to church

4. SECTION 5 continuedA Spiritual Awakening Inspires Reform II. Unitarians and Transcendentalists – Other growing religious groups • Unitarians had faith in the individual, but stressed reason, not emotion as a path to perfection. • Philosopher and Unitarian minister,Ralph Waldo Emerson traveled to England where he discovered romanticism that emphasized nature, human emotions. From this developed transcendentalism • Transcendentalism—truth found observing nature and relating to own emotional and spiritual experience NEXT

5. III. The African-American Church • Reform was growing in the South; Revival:slaves interpreted hymns, Bible stories they heard differently from whites • North: Free African Americans had their own churches that were political, cultural, educational, social centers that provided schools and other services that whites denied them.

6. SECTION 5 Slavery and Abolition • Abolition Movement • • Abolition—movement to end slavery • • 1820s, over 100 antislavery societies call for for resettlement of African Americans in Africa • In 1817 – American Colonization Society was founded to encourage black emigration; others wanted them to remain in U.S. • I. William Lloyd Garrison • • William Lloyd Garrison, white abolitionist who was active in religious reform movements in Massachusetts • • Published The Liberator, demanded immediate emancipation • Whites who opposed abolition hated Garrison • In 1835 Boston mob paraded him through his town at the end of a rope. Continued . . . NEXT

7. II. Frederick Douglass • • Frederick Douglass, former slave, speaks out on slavery • • Begins his own antislavery newspaper, The North Star • Garrison sponsored him to speak, but broke with him since Douglass was hoping to achieve abolition without violence.

8. SECTION 5 Image continuedSlavery and Abolition • III. Life Under Slavery • • 1700s, most slaves African and male and spoke many languages; by 1830, most slaves were American and numbers of male and female were equal • • Few slaves were freed; lives filled with hard work, suffering • Most worked as house servants, farm hands, or in the fields. • Some could gain their freedom by purchasing their • freedom NEXT

9. IV.Turner’s Rebellion • • Nat Turner leads slave rebellion in 1831; about 60 whites killed • More than 50 followers attacked 4 plantations and killed 60 whites. • • Turner and many followers captured and killed • V. Slave Owners Oppose Abolition • • Turner Rebellion angers whites; restrictions on African Americans tightened to prevent insurrections • • Proslavery advocates claim slavery is benevolentinstitution • They used the Bible to defend slavery by citing • passages – “servants obey their masters.”

10. SECTION 5 Women and Reform • Women Mobilize for Reform • Much of strength of abolition movement came from women as well as other movements. • • Prevailing customs restrict women to home, family; denied full participation in community • • Work on abolition, temperance, treatment of mentally ill, prisoners • Inspired by optimistic message of the Second • Great Awakening. • Abolition was most important effort – raised money, distributed literature, & collected signatures for antislavery petitions. • Dorothea Dix fought to improve treatment for mentally ill (asylums) & for inhumane prison system Continued . . . NEXT

11. II. Education for Women • Reform accompanied gains in education. • Few educational opportunities beyond elementary school • • 1821, Emma Willard opens first girls academy, Troy Female Seminary in Troy, NY • Classes in sciences, history, geography, languages, art, music, writing and literature. • • Oberlin College includes four women in its first class in 1833 – 1st fully coeducational college in country • • 1837, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary provides higher learning for women

12. SECTION 5 continuedWomen and Reform • III. Education and Women’s Health • • Fewer educational opportunities for black women than for white • • 1850s survey taken by educator Catharine Beecher: most women unhealthy because of poor hygiene, corsets, lack of exercise • Elizabeth Blackwell was first woman to graduate from • medical school (1849); she opened the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. NEXT

13. IV. Women’s Rights Movement Emerges • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott call women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls • 1848 Seneca Falls Convention approves declaration of women’s rights (more than 300 women) • Sojourner Truth speaks for African-American women with her deep powerful voice. She was illiterate. For 40 years traveled and spoke out against injustice.