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Chapter 10 The Persian Wars

Chapter 10 The Persian Wars. Key Terms. Persia Persian Wars Herodotus Cyrus Darius I Satrapies The Royal Highway Aristagoras Mardonius Miltiades Pheidippides Hoplon , hoplites. Phalanx Niki Marathons Themistocles Xerxes Pass of Thermopylae Leonidas Ephialtes Salamis

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Chapter 10 The Persian Wars

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  1. Chapter 10 The Persian Wars

  2. Key Terms • Persia • Persian Wars • Herodotus • Cyrus • Darius I • Satrapies • The Royal Highway • Aristagoras • Mardonius • Miltiades • Pheidippides • Hoplon, hoplites • Phalanx • Niki • Marathons • Themistocles • Xerxes • Pass of Thermopylae • Leonidas • Ephialtes • Salamis • Triremes • Mardonius

  3. The Greeks at War! Between 500 and 400 B.C. the Greeks fought several wars. Two were against the powerful Persian Empire to the east of Greece. Then a civil war broke out among the city-states of Greece.

  4. The Persian Wars • Greek city-states joined forcesto defend against the invadingPersians • Persia was an ancient Asian civilization founded by nomads on the high plateaus of present-day Iran • How do we know so much about the Persian Wars? • Herodotus – “Father of History”

  5. The Mighty Persian Empire

  6. Cyrus the Great • He established the Persian empire • Spanned 3 continents • Well-organized government • Large army • A tolerant ruler  he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions. 580 – 529 B. C. E.

  7. Darius the Great(526 – 485 B. C. E.) • Built Persepolis. • He extended the Persian Empire to the Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.) • Built a canal in Egypt.

  8. Darius the Great(526 – 485 B. C. E.) • Established a tax-collecting system. • Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPIES. • Built the great Royal Roadsystem. • Established a complex postal system. • Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.”

  9. The Ionian Revolt • Darius imposed a tax (tribute) and military service on those he conquered • Aristagoras, ruler of Miletus, led a revolt • They didn’t want to pay the tax • They didn’t want to serve in the Persian army

  10. Why did the Persians invade Greece? In 519 B.C. the Persians conquered a group of people who lived in Asia Minor called the Ionian Greeks. AGH! Those Greeks will pay for this We’re on the way Help! In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks asked the mainland Greeks to help them rebel against the Persians. Athens and Eretria sent warships to help them. They plundered Sardis. This made the Persian King, Darius, very angry with Greece. He burned Miletus five years later.

  11. Persian “Royal Road”

  12. Persian Archers & Soldiers

  13. Darius Seeks Vengeance • Darius sends Mardonius to Greece • Why? What happened? • Darius sends envoys to Greece • What happened to them? • Darius sails again • He wanted to destroy Eretria & Athens

  14. The Greeks Prepare • Miltiades • Greek general • Knows they need the help of the Spartans • Pheidippides • Messenger sent to Sparta • Spartans • They won’t help; they are in the middle of a festival for Apollo • Plataea • They send 600 men to help

  15. The Greek Advantages • Foot soldiers well armed • Six-foot spear, sword • Bronze armor, Hoplon (shield) • Battle formation • Phalanx – one row of men directly behind another • Moved as a single unit • Well-trained • Other Greek advantage? • Persian advantage?

  16. The Battle Begins • Miltiades has 11,000 men • 10,000 Athenians; 1,000 Plateans • Persians have over 20,000 • Strategy of Miltiades • Block the exits • Charge at the Persians • Made it harder for the Persian archers

  17. The Battle Begins, continued • Greeks able to defeat the Persian wings • Come around and surround the Persians Persians retreated • Some drowned in the salt marsh • Others made it back to their ships

  18. Battle at Marathon The Greeks only lost 203 men, compared to the Persians’ 6,400. The Greek dead were buried in a common grave, seen here.

  19. Marathon • The Greeks sent their fastest runner Pheidippides to carry home news of the victory. • Same guy who ran to Sparta • He sprinted 26.2 miles from the battle site to the city-state of Athens. • He arrived and said, “Niki!” then died from exhaustion • The modern marathon race is named after this event.

  20. The Battle Begins, continued • After the victory at Marathon, the Greek army went to defend Athens • Persians retreated to Asia • Greek hoplites proved they could win against a strong opponent • Knew Persians would be back • 31 city-states formed an alliance • Panhellenic League • Built a large navy at the direction of Themistocles

  21. What Happened at Thermopylae? • The Greek ruler Themistocles knew this was a temporary victory. He encouraged the Athenians to build up their fleet and prepare for battle with the Persians. • In 480 B.C. Darius’ son Xerxes sent a larger force to conquer Greece. • He sent 200,000 soldiers and nearly 1,000 ships. • By this time Athens had convinced Sparta to join them in battle. Twenty Greek city-states joined together to meet the Persian invaders. • Sparta took charge of the army. • Athens took charge of the navy.

  22. The Persians Return • Xerxes • Darius’ son • Vowed to avenge his father’s loss at Marathon • Invades Europe in 480 B.C.E. • Largest army ever assembled (180,000) • Army made up of people from all over the empire • Babylonians, Armenians, Lydians, Syrians, Egyptians, Libyans, and Cypriots

  23. The Persians Return, continued • Crossing the Hellespont • Double pontoon bridge • How was this made? • Took the army of Xerxes7 days and 7 nights to cross • Supplied by ships followingalong the coast

  24. The Persians Return, continued • Back to the Greeks • Went to the Oracle of Delphi • Pythia predicted disaster! • Claimed the only hope lay in “the wooden walls.” • Wooden fence around the Acropolis? • Sides of the ships?

  25. The Battle of Thermopylae • Athens=navy • Commanded by Themistocles • Sparta=army • Commanded by King Leonidas • Greeks aim to stop the Persians at the Pass of Thermopylae • Narrow pass, where the hoplites could hold the Persians back • Greeks led by King Leonidas ofSparta

  26. King Leonidas “So much the better. We can fight in the shade!” • Led an army of 8,000 soldiers • Greek navy tried to keep Persian fleet from being able to resupply the army • Persians attacked on Day 5 • Leonidas and his men able to hold their position for two days

  27. Xerxes Gets Help • Ephialtes • Greek traitor • Led Persians on a path to the rear of the Greeks • Persians easily defeat Leonidas’ rear guard • Leonidas sends all but his own 300 men away…”weshall dine in (the kingdom of Hades!”

  28. Thermopylae: The Last Stand • A Small Spartan force of about 300 men commanded by King Leonidas, guarded the mountain pass of Thermopylae. • They held out heroically against the enormous Persian force for three days. • They were defeated, but won valuable time for the rest of the Greeks. • Their courage inspired the rest of the Greek army.

  29. The Destruction of Athens • Persians move on to Athens, but it’s deserted • They killed anyone who was still there • Burned the temples and Athena’s olive tree • Why is the olive tree a symbol of resilience? • Athenians had fled to Salamis and Troezen • They could only watch as they saw their city burn

  30. The Battle of Salamis • Greeks fled here, knew Persians were coming • Themistocles had a plan • Sent a “traitor” to Xerxes • “Traitor” told Xerxes theGreeks were afraid, ready to retreat • Xerxes ordered the attack • Expected an easy win

  31. Triremes • Greek ships • Three banks for 14 ft. oars • 170 rowers per ship • Kept in time by listening to flute • Metal battering-ram used to destroy enemy boats • Greeks rowed fast hit other ships with battering-ram; but not too fast, not too slow • This creating a large hole in the enemy ship, causing it to sink • Soldiers from the sinking ships then attacked

  32. Battle of Salamis, continued • Greeks were outnumbered, but knew the waterway well • Greek ships backed up asPersians approached • Persians trapped in thenarrow strait, Greeksattacked and won

  33. Who won at Salamis? The Persians marched south after their victory at Thermopylae and destroyed the city of Athens. Thermopylae The Athenians had already moved to Salamis, a small nearby island. Salamis Athens More than 800 Persian ships attacked the Athenian navy near the island. The large Persian ships could not maneuver in the water. The smaller Greek ships destroyed them.

  34. The End of the War • Persians retreated • Persian messengers spread the news • “Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor gloom of night stayed these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds.” • Xerxes left part of his army behind to attack again • Left his brother-in-law, Mardonius, in charge • Fight at Plataea • Pausanias (Spartan king) led the outnumbered Greeks to victory • Mardonius was killed • Greek navy defeated Persians at Mycale

  35. Persian Wars: Famous Battles • Marathon (490 BCE) • 26 miles from Athens • Thermopylae (480 BCE) • 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass • Salamis (480 BCE) • Athenian navy victorious

  36. Ancient Persepolis

  37. Persepolis

  38. The People of Persepolis

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