Functions of the Respiratory System

1. Functions of the Respiratory System • Breathing process • Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide • Enable speech production • Gas exchange between blood and air

2. Respiration • external respiration - exchange of gases in lungs • internal respiration - exchange of gases within cells of the body organs and tissues • ventilation - movement of air

3. External Respiration • Ventilation • exchange of gases in lungs • Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries • Breathing largely an involuntary activity

4. Internal Respiration • All cells require oxygen for metabolism • All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide • Gas exchange at cellular level

5. External Respiration • Ventilation • exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere • Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries • Breathing largely involuntary activity

6. Structures of Respiratory System • upper respiratory tract • nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea • lower respiratory tract • bronchial tree and lungs

7. Nose • nasal cavity • nasal septum • mucous membrane • Traps pathogens and dirt • Cilia push particles towards esophagus • Moistens air

8. NASAL SEPTUM • PARTITION OR WALL • CARTILAGE DIVIDES THE NOSE INTO HOLLOW SPACES • CAN BE DAMAGED DUE TO TRAUMA

9. CILIA • TINY HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES IN NASAL CAVITY • TRAPS DIRT • TRAPS PATHOGENS • TRAPPED PARTICLES PUSHED TOWARD ESOPHAGUS • SWALLOWED

10. Pharynx • Nasopharynx • adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils • oropharynx • palatine tonsils ( 1st phase of swallowing) • laryngopharynx • Larynx ( Houses vocal cords) • Thyroid is housed here

11. Epiglottis • Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common passageway for both food and air • Epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the larynx and trachea (airway) so food does not enter the lungs.

12. Larynx • Houses vocal cords in voice box • glottis (vocal apparatus)” True Vocal Cords” • vocal bands or vocal cords

13. Trachea • Windpipe or airway that is 12.5cm long • mucous membrane lining with cilia • smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings • divides into two branches: bronchi • no gaseous exchange

14. Bronchi • Bronchus, singular • c-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle • Bronchus divides into l & R Bronchi • Bronchi divide into bronchioles • terminate in air sacs called alveoli

15. Thoracic Cavity • “Thoracic “ means related to thorax • Thorax ( Chest Cavity) contains: • heart • aorta • esophagus • bronchi • Thymus ( Lymphoid organ)

16. ALVEOLI • Gas Exchange takes place here • Alveolar wall one cell thick surrounded by blood capillaries • Resemble bunches of grapes • CAPILLARIES • ALLOW OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE TO EXCHANGE BETWEEN LUNGS & BLOOD

17. Lungs Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes trachea

18. PLEURA • Serous membrane enclosing each lung • TWO LAYERS • Visceral pleura comes in contact with the lungs • Parietal pleura comes in contact with the ribcage • Lubricating fluid: stops friction

19. Diaphragm • muscle separating chest and abdomen • inspiration,diaphragm contracts and pushes down increasing thoracic space • air flows in • expiration, diaphragm relaxes and returns to decreases thoracic space • air flows out • phrenic nerve: originates in the neck (C3-C5) and passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm.Passes motor information to the diaphragm

20. PathologicBreathing Disorders • Many Chronic Disorders • Asthma ( COPD UMBRELLA) • Chronic Bronchitis • Emphysema

21. Disorders Continued • Asthma • bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough, • mucolytics, bronchodilators • Chronic Bronchitis • mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain • expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids • Emphysema • barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea

22. Influenza • Acute infectious respiratory disease • Viral • Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia • Avoid aspirin in children ( can trigger Asthma)

23. Pleural Effusions • Excess fluid in pleural cavity • associated with congestive heart failure, ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma • diagnosis • auscultation, percussion • Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax, pyopneumothorax • thoracentesis

24. Tuberculosis • Infectious, highly communicable disease • aerosol transmission • primary tuberculosis • immunocompromised • Client requires 9 months medication regime • drug resistant strains ( AIDS)

25. Bronchopneumonia • Inflammatory disease of lungs • lobar, bilateral • hemoptysis • consolidation • Pneumocystis carinii (AIDS)

26. Cystic Fibrosis • Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands • systemic involvement • lungs, pancreas, digestive tract • Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles • Gas exchange impaired

27. Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Surfactant • decreases the surface tension of the alveoli • needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand (compliance) • Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) • Adult respiratory distress syndrome

28. Oncology • Primary Pulmonary Cancer • Diagnosed by PET scan • Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS • common site: epithelium of bronchi • bronchogenic carcinoma • masses form and block air passages • metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver, bones, brain, or kidney

29. Endotracheal Intubation • passage of a tube through the mouth, pharynx, and larynx into the trachea to establish an airway.