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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Terminal Building. Contents. Introduction Terminal Building Passenger's Facilities Baggage Handling ATC. WORLD'S TOP 10 AIRPORTS. 1 Incheon International Airport 2 Hong Kong International Airport 3 Singapore Changi 4 Zurich, Switzerland 5 Munich, German

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Terminal Building

  2. Contents Introduction Terminal Building Passenger's Facilities Baggage Handling ATC

  3. WORLD'S TOP 10 AIRPORTS 1 Incheon International Airport 2 Hong Kong International Airport 3 Singapore Changi 4 Zurich, Switzerland 5 Munich, German 6 Kansai, Japan 7 Kuala Lumpur 8 Amsterdam 9 Centrair Nagoya , Japan 10 Auckland, New Zealand • http://www.worldairportawards.com/Awards_2009/Airport2009.htm

  4. TOP TEN BUSIEST AIRPORT IN THE WORLD Hartsfield, Atlanta O'Hare, Chicago Heathrow, London Tokyo, Japan Los Angeles, USA Dallas Forth/Worth Charles De Gaulle, Paris Frankfurt, German Amsterdam, Schipol Las Vegas, USA

  5. 4 Airport Components AIRSIDE Airspace : Area for aircraft maneuver (after takeoff, before landing) Airfield = Aerodromes : Area for aircraft take-off & landing (equipped with required installations & equipments, NavAids, Lighting) Landside : Areato accommodate the ground-based vehicles, passengers & cargo movements. Airport Ground Access Plans: Areato accommodate ground based vehicles to and from the near city area & between the various buildings around the airport.

  6. 1. Airspace 2. Airfield 3. Landside 4.

  7. Ground airport equipment Equipment for preparing an aircraft for its next flight; this includes cleaning, performing checks, refueling and boarding

  8. Ground airport equipment Tow tractor • Very heavy vehicle that pushes an aircraft onto the parking area. Tow bar • Device that connects the tow tractor to the aircraft’s front landing gear. Air start unit • Vehicle to pump air into aircraft’s jet engines in order to start the engine(equipped with an air compressor driven by a gas turbine) Jet refueler • Truck that pumps fuel from underground tanks into the aircraft’s tanks.

  9. Terminal Building Denver International Airport, Concourse B Terminal • A building to facilitate the passengers & baggage movements from the landside to the aircraft on airside. Concourse • Open space or hall in passenger terminal, used for circulation or waiting.

  10. Function of Terminal Building To provide various facilities for crews & passengers move from aircraft or onto aircraft efficiently. Examples: Transportation change (ex: from train to plane, from car to plane). Ticketing process Customs clearance & immigration control Shopping, toilets, eating, meeting, business & conference

  11. Airport Terminal Design • Pier/Finger • Satellite • Semicircular • Transporter • Hybrid

  12. Central terminal with pier/finger • Advantages: Centralized Facilities Example :Amsterdam & Kansai • Disadvantages: • Congestion in the terminal at peak times. • Long walking distance from terminal to gate. Kansai International Airport

  13. Central terminal with Satellite KLIA Airport • Offer high aircraft capacity and simplicity of design. • But, long distance from the check-in counter to the gate. • Need high speed escalators, monorails or electric-powered carts to reduce walking distances.

  14. Transporter terminal Tampa Airport • Passengers are transported to and from the building to the parked airplane.

  15. Semicircular Terminal Incheon Airport Advantages: Short distance Low cost construction

  16. What passengers expect from the terminal • Short walking • Distances • Convenience and comfort Clear Signage

  17. What passengers expect from the terminal Good airport shopping & eating facilities Short Queues

  18. What passengers expect from the terminal What passengers expect from the terminal ? Easy Access from road or rail Efficient Baggage Delivery Full range of services Convenient parking, ground transportation Clean building Simple procedures that are not confusing Safe & Secure Environment

  19. Flow chart of an embarking passenger Flow chart of an EMBARKING passenger

  20. Flow chart of an DISEMBARKING passenger

  21. Parking Facilities • Public Parking Facility- for airline passengers • Near terminal building. • Off-Airport Parking- for airline passengers • Far away from terminal building, with lower charges. • Separate Parking-for airport employee • Far away from terminal area, airport workers using bus go to the terminal. • Car Rental Parking-for taxi or airport limousine • close to the terminal building.

  22. Baggage Handling System Functions : Moving passengers baggage From the check in area to the departure area From one gate to another during transfers From the arrival gate to the baggage-claim area.

  23. Goals of the systems • Faster • Safe

  24. 3 Methods of Moving Bags • Tug & Cart • Labor intensive • Manual Method • Telecars • Multiple baggage pieces in one cart • Not automatically sorted • Typically used in automated systems • DCV – Destination Coded Vehicles • Each cart contains a single piece of baggage • Automatically sorted • Little or no human interaction required

  25. Baggage Handling Basics DCVs = Destination-coded vehicles Conveyors- Like a local ‘roads’ Automatic Scanner=scan the labels on the baggage Baggage-Like a Passenger

  26. Baggage Handling Process • Check-in: Agents put tag on baggage • Bag’s owner, Flight number, Final destination, Intermediate connections and airlines • Automated bar code scanner • After reading the bar-code, the system will know where that bag is at all times. • Hundred of computers keep tack of the bag. • Conveyors • Hundreds of conveyors with junctions connecting all of them • Sort all of the bags from all of the different airlines and send them to DCVs that are headed to the proper terminal and gate • DCVs –Destination Coded Vehicles • Headed to proper destination • Move bag quickly (5 times faster than conveyors) • Tracked by computers

  27. Air Traffic Control

  28. Purpose of ATC • Safety: To avoid mid-air collisions • Efficiency: To increase capacity and avoid flight delay. To maintain safe and efficientSEPARATIONbetween airplanes

  29. Air Traffic Control & Airports ATC providing safe operating conditions for aircraft and passengers Control the airport operating services and the airspace within a 5 to 10 km radius of the airport Deal with airport operations staff for the airport surfaces and equipment maintenance (snow removal, ice control, airport lighting, etc) Deal with airport emergency plans (aircraft crash, bomb threat, hi-jacking, etc.)

  30. Different betweenVFR and IFR • VFR (Visual Flight Rules) • Separation maintained by pilot (“see and avoid”) • IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) • Separation maintained by controller

  31. Basic ATC Organization 1. ATCSCC: Air Traffic Control System Command Center 2. ARTCC: Air Route Traffic Control Centers TRACON: 3. ATCT: Air Traffic Control Towers Control Tower 4. FSS: Flight Service Stations • En-routecontrol : to control flight in air routes. • Approach control: to control flight associated with arrivals and departure. • Aerodrome control: to control aircraft during arrival(landing), departure(take-off) and surface movement of an aircraft (taxiway).

  32. Herndon, Virginia 1.Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) ATCSCC: oversees all air traffic control

  33. 2.Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) Radar Display Systems

  34. 3.Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCT) KLIA Main Control Tower KLIA Apron Control Tower

  35. 4. Flight Service Stations (FSS) Responsibilities Weather observations Pilot weather briefings Filing IFR/VFR flight plans Distributing NOTAMs Broadcasting weather information Spread ATC clearances Emergency assistance

  36. Radar KLIA TAR: Terminal Approach Radar • Radar = Radio Detection and Ranging • Provides aircraft info: air speed, direction and altitude of aircraft to assist air traffic controllers to track the position of aircraft in the coverage area. • TRACON= Terminal Radar Approach Control • TAR=Terminal Approach Control

  37. ATC Additional Services ATC Equipment Surface Movement Radar Display Providing information to pilots Weather & Navigation information NOTAMs: Notice to Airmens Responsible for Controlled Airspace ATC issue instructions that pilots are required to follow

  38. ATC System in KLIA airport vsSubang

  39. En-Route: Air route control center 7 Flight Profile Departure: radar Monitor departure Descent: Clearance for descent Take-Off: tower give clearance Preflight: clearance push back, start engine taxi Approach: radar Monitor arrival Landing: tower give landing clearance

  40. Step 1: Preflight • The required background information includes: • Type of Flight: VFR or IFR • Aircraft Identification or Pilot's Name • Aircraft Type • Departure Point • Estimated Time of Departure • Altitude • Route-of-Flight • Destination • Estimated Time En Route The pilot receives the most recent weather information and a flight plan. Before take-off, the pilot performs the flight check routine, pushes back the aircraft from the terminal's gate, and taxis out to the designated takeoff runway.

  41. Step 2: Takeoff The pilot receives permission from Local Control (the Tower) to takeoff. The aircraft powers up and begins its take-off.

  42. Step 3: Departure • Upon lift off, the pilot is instructed to change radio frequencies to receive new flight instructions from Departure Control in the TRACON. • The pilot is instructed to follow a pre-determined, preferred routing that will take the aircraft up and away from the departure airport onto its route. • The pilot is then issued further altitude and routing clearance. The controller monitors the aircraft and its track (flight path) on the radar display. • As the aircraft reaches the edge of the TRACON airspace, the Departure Controller performs an electronic transfer of the flight to the controller in the next airspace.

  43. Step 4: En Route The pilot receives instructions as to what altitude and heading to maintain, as well as to which radio frequency to tune. This portion of the flight can be as short as a few minutes or as long as many hours.

  44. Step 5: Descent • As the aircraft nears its destination airport, the pilot is instructed to change radio frequencies and contact Descent Control for instructions. • The pilot is instructed to descend and change heading. • After receiving these instructions, the aircraft descends and maneuvers to the destination airport.

  45. Step 6 : Approach • The pilot has received an approach clearance to the destination airport from the Approach Controller working in the TRACON. • The flight has been placed in line with other aircraft preparing to land at the same airport. • The pilot flies a specified flight procedure in order to get in line for the designated landing runway. • The pilot receives instructions from the Approach Controller to change radio frequency and contact Local Control (in the airport's control tower) for landing clearance. • The aircraft is electronically handed off from TRACON to the Tower.

  46. Step 7:Landing • The pilot receives clearance from the Local Controller in the airport's control tower to land on a designated runway. • Upon touching down, the flight is then handed off to Ground Control. • The Ground Controller directs the pilot across the taxiways to its destination gate at the terminal.

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