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Wide Area Monitoring Network Stability & Synchrophasors

Wide Area Monitoring Network Stability & Synchrophasors. GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin. A New Concept?. Hardly…. wide area monitoring is an integral part of power system operation today: Telemetry Alarming and status State estimation What is new?

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Wide Area Monitoring Network Stability & Synchrophasors

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  1. Wide Area MonitoringNetwork Stability & Synchrophasors GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

  2. A New Concept? • Hardly…. wide area monitoring is an integral part of power system operation today: • Telemetry • Alarming and status • State estimation • What is new? • High-speed, reliable & affordable digital communication means • Coverage through broad deployment of IEDs • Real-time metering and communication capabilities of modern IEDs • Affordable time-synchronized measurements • Processing and visualization capabilities Time-synchronized measurements and response time are key

  3. August 14, 2003 • Imagine all operators having access to real-time visualization tools like this …. Pre-Blackout Ohio Region 115-230 kV Voltage Contour

  4. August 14, 2003 • Real-time tool relying on direct measurements rather than on state estimation … Northeast Ohio Voltage Contour at 15:05 EDT

  5. August 14, 2003 • With automated processing and alarming features to identify problems and pinpoint locations … Northeast Ohio Voltage Contour at 15:51 EDT

  6. August 14, 2003 • Turned into an automated, or semi-automated closed-loop mitigation system … Never-to-be Northeast Ohio Voltage Contour at 16:15 EDT

  7. Wide Area Schemes - Drivers • Operating the grid is not going to get easier: • Insufficient stability margins • Generation and load centers displaced even more • Environmental and cost constraints on new transmission • Deregulations and pressure on asset utilization • No recognition for maintaining system security and margins • Logical response: • With limited capabilities to strengthen generation and transmission (natural stability) need to rely more on active controls (forced stability) • Better visualization and assistance tools for operators • Closed-loop control for events beyond response time of manual control: • fight to stay together • island controllably • restore quickly

  8. Is the situation really new? • Large systems require monitoring and control capabilities even under good natural margins • Margins maintained by a balance between the “muscle” (generation, transmission) and “brain” (controls) Always true … Somewhat new …. • Dramatic erosion of natural stability margins • Added generation solves one problem but adds new ones • Relatively shallow penetration of IEDs and modern communications • Downsized engineering force having difficulties catching up with the amount of required upgrades • Deregulation and market forces not aligned with best technical solutions • Fast-paced society and economy are less forgiving

  9. Erosion of natural stability margins Problems are not unique, but the scale is alarming

  10. Is the situation really new? • Large systems require monitoring and control capabilities even under good natural margins • Margins maintained by a balance between the “muscle” (generation, transmission) and “brain” (controls) Always true … Somewhat new …. • Dramatic erosion of natural stability margins • Added generation solves one problem but adds new ones • Relatively shallow penetration of IEDs and modern communications • Downsized engineering force having difficulties catching up with the amount of required upgrades • Deregulation and market forces not aligned with best technical solutions • Fast-paced society and economy are less forgiving

  11. Applications • Wide Area Monitoring and Warning Systems • Telemetry & Inter-utility Data Exchange • Load/Generation Shedding • Angular Instability Detection • Wide-area Voltage Regulation • Remedial Action & Power System Protection Schemes • System Back-up Protection & Related Applications • Coordinated Restoration • Self Recovering Systems Theoretically-founded opportunities, limited practical experience

  12. Wide Area Schemes - Issues Organizational Technical Inception System studies Design: Investment Local measurement Ownership Communications Deployment Data concentration Testing Redundancy Maintenance Fail-safe and self-monitoring Security of data Data archiving Market viable data Application: Visualization Operatorassistance algorithms Unpopular manual controls Automated control algorithms Coordination & Arming Multi-disciplinary effort

  13. UR N60”Swiss Army Knife” for Special Protection Schemes

  14. Local measurements • Major measurement points: • Status of transmission paths • Active & reactive power • Voltages & currents • Temperature & wind • Synchrophasors and synchronized measurements • Principles: • Specialized devices vs hardened but general-purpose platforms • Redundant devices vs redundant measurement points • Flexible and redundant communication capabilities • Degree of separation from both SCADA and asset protection Modern relay platforms are a good choice (N60!)

  15. Major areas of functionality Powerful Data Acquisition Capabilities (V,I,P,oC,pf) System Oriented Features (PSB, OST, Open Pole, f, df/dt) Powerful Communication Capabilities (GOOSE, Direct I/O) FlexLogic & Simple MATH functions Flexible, Universal, High-density I/O

  16. N60 Features

  17. Wide-area Schemes

  18. Flexible peer-to-peer communications

  19. Applications Data Concentrator Architecture with JMUXes and URs

  20. SynchrophasorsThe Next Major Step in UR offering

  21. Concept and definition • After a major system blackout … Imagine a team of reporter photographers with flash cameras dispatched to take a “snapshot” of the power system state …

  22. Concept and definition • Need an arbitrary angle reference …

  23. Concept and definition • After a major system blackout … Imagine a team of reporter photographers with flash cameras dispatched to take a “snapshot” of the power system state …

  24. Concept and definition • Imagine an automated system with strobe lights synched via GPS and communicating results via digital network…

  25. Synchrophasors – Strobe Light Analogy

  26. Strobe Light Analogy

  27. Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865-1923) Complex Quantities and their use in Electrical Engineering; Charles Proteus Steinmetz; Proceedings of the International Electrical Congress, Chicago, IL; AIEE Proceedings, 1893; pp.33-74. Phasors • Rotating rotors = alternate currents / voltages • Phasors are well established means of representing ac circuits

  28. Measuring Synchrophasors

  29. Strobe Light Analogy

  30. IEEE Synchrophasor Standard (PC37.118) • Original standard C37.1344 was released in 1995, reaffirmed in 2001 • The new standard PC37.118 IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems in balloting • Strong desire to release it in order to advance the field • No IEC standard at the moment; most likely the IEEE will become IEC (similar to the COMTRADE standard) • Key items agreed upon: • Time reference = UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) • Measuring rates = (10,25 / sec @ 50Hz; 10,12,15,20,30 / sec @ 60Hz starting at the top of a second) • Angle reference = cosine (0 deg at positive waveform peak) • Communication model (standard frames and data types, interoperability)

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