PPISMP TESL INSTITUT PERGURUAN KENT, TUARAN

1. PPISMP TESL INSTITUT PERGURUAN KENT, TUARAN ENVIRONMENT BY: ALICIA SU YUN SHAN KRISTIE JACQUELINE LAU MIKO LAU WEE NA SHARON WONG MIN YING

2. Overview • Ecosystems are made up of abiotic and biotic components. • Energy is continually input into an ecosystem in the form of light energy, and some energy is lost with each transfer to a higher trophic level. Nutrients, on the other hand, are recycled within an ecosystem.  So, "energy flows, elements cycle". • Energy is moved through an ecosystem via a food web, which is made up of interlocking food chains. Energy is first captured by photosynthesis (primary production). The amount of primary production determines the amount of energy available to higher trophic levels.

3. The study of how chemical elements cycle through an ecosystem is termed biogeochemistry. • Ecosystem function is controlled mainly by two processes, "top-down" and "bottom-up" controls. • A biome is a major vegetation type extending over a large area. Biome distributions are determined largely by temperature and precipitation patterns on the Earth's surface.

4. KEY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENT

5. Biotic components

6. The biotic components of a ecosystem are the living organisms that exist in the system. These organisms can be classified as producers,consumers or decomposers. • Producers are able to capture the sun’s energy through photosynthesis and absorb nutrients from the soil, storing them for future use by themselves and by other organisms. • Grasses, shrubs, trees, mosses, lichens, and cyanobacteria are some of the many producers found.

7. Consumers are organisms that consume plant and/or animal material to gain their energy for growth and activity. • Consumers are further divided into three types : • Herbivores eat only plants. • Omnivores eat both plants and animals. • Carnivores eat only animals. • Decomposers include the insects, fungi, algae and bacteria both on the ground and in the soil that help to break down the organic layer to provide nutrients for growing plants. http://www.bcgrasslands.org/grasslands/bioticcomponents.htm

9. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS _____( 2009). Abiotic Components. Retrieved March 23, 2010, fromhttp://www.bcb.uwc.ac.za/Sci_Ed/grade10/ecology/abiotic/abiot.htm

10. ABIOTIC components • Non-living chemical or physical factors in the environment. • Solar energy provides practically all the energy for ecosystems. • Inorganic substances, e.g., sulfur, boron, tend to cycle through ecosystems. • Organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other complex molecules, form a link between biotic and abiotic components of the system.

11. Light • Quality of light(wavelength or colour) • Light intensity( strength of the light) • Day length(length of the light period) • Climate - Includes the rainfall, temperature and wind patterns that occurs in an area. • Water • Water requirements of plants • Water requirements of animals • The water cycle in nature

12. Topography • Is the variety of shapes found on the landscape determined by slopes, elevation and aspects. • Soil • Soil texture • Soil air • Soil temperature • Soil water • Soil solution • pH • Natural disturbance -change of grasslands in many ways, adding to the diversity of these ecosystem. - flooding(broken trees, move soil); lighting storms (kill small trees).

15. BIODIVERSITY • Definition- the variety of all forms of life, from genes to species, through the broad scale of ecosystem. • Ecosystem- the interaction between living things and non-living things. • Genetic diversity • Species diversity

17. Five Kingdom System

19. Types of Ecosystem in Malaysia • Lowland forest-up to 300 metres, meranti, keruing, proboscis, rafflesia, orangutan, wild orchids, rhodondenrong. • Montane forest-(800-1700 metres)- wild orcgid, magnolia,fern, mosses • Mangrove forest- nipah, mangrove, saltwater crocodile, fish, shrimp. • Peat swamp forest- shark, catfish, bettas, loaches, tapah, arowana. • Sulu-sulawesi seas- parrot fish, barrocuda, turtle, dolphin, manta rays, coral reef

20. Factors contributing to decline • Habitat destruction -development of agriculture, housing, logging, industry. • Overexploitation -fish bombing, commercial hunting • Introduction of new species -foreign plants or animals are being transferred. • Pollution -acid rain, run off from agricultural land, ozone depletion

21. Nutrient cycle • Nutrient cycle is studied in terms of specific nutrients, with each nutrient in an environment having its own particular pattern of cycling. • Among the most important nutrient cycles are the carbon nutrient cycle and the nitrogen cycle.

26. ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS • All organisms require energy for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and locomotion. • Hence, for all organisms there must be a source of energy and a loss of usable energy.

27. Types of energy • heat energy • mechanical energy (+gravitational energy, etc.) • chemical energy = energy stored in molecular bonds

28. Energy flow • Simplistically: • This pattern of energy flow among different organisms is the TROPHIC STRUCTURE of an ecosystem. heat Producers Consumers Decomposers heat

30. Hydrological cycle • The cycle where water circulates from the land to the sky and back again. • The stages of the cycle are: • Evaporation- Water is transferred from the surface to the atmosphere. • Transport-The movement of water through the atmosphere, specifically from over the oceans to over land. • Condensation-The transported water vapour eventually condenses, forming tiny droplets in clouds. • Precipitation-The primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth. • Groundwater -Some of the underground water is trapped between rock or clay layers. • Run-off-Most of the water which returns to land flows downhill.

34. Food chain • A food chainshows how each living thing gets its food. • It also shows the transfer of energy from one trophic level to another. • For example, a simple food chain links the trees & shrubs, the giraffes (that eat trees & shrubs), and the lions (that eat the giraffes). • Each link in this chain is food for the next link. A food chain always starts with plant life and ends with an animal. • Combinations of food chains will create a food web. Food web consists of all the food chains in a community linked.

35. Terminology of trophic levels • Producers-capture energy, produce complex organic compounds • Primary consumers--feed on producers • Secondary consumers--feed on primary consumers • Tertiary consumers--feed on secondary consumers

36. Plants are called producersbecause they are able to use light energy from the Sun to produce food (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water. • Animals cannot make their own food so they must eat plants and/or other animals. They are called consumers. There are three groups of consumers. • Animals that eat ONLY PLANTS are called herbivores(or primary consumers).

37. Animals that eat OTHER ANIMALS are called carnivores. • carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers • carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumerse.g., killer whales in an ocean food web ... phytoplankton → small fishes → seals → killer whales • Animals and people who eat BOTH animals and plants are called omnivores. • Then there are decomposers (bacteria and fungi) which feed on decaying matter.

38. Interrelationship

39. Issues happen in ecology system ENVIRONMENT

40. La Nina Phenomenon

41. La Nina • The phenomenon has to do with the sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central area of the tropical Pacific Ocean.  • The La Nina is usually described as a cooler than average sea surface temperature in this area of the Pacific.

42. La nina • It is generally caused by a cooler than average sea surface in the tropical area of the Pacific. • This causes the cold water to move up to the surface of the waters when the atmosphere is moving in a generally eastward direction, as well as the oceanic waves which are also moving east.

43. La Nina, in general, tends to produce drier weather conditions than normal across the central plains during the fall season, a drier southeast during the winter months. • The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the coupled ocean-atmosphere process that includes both El Nino and La Nina.

44. El Nino or Southern Oscillation

45. El Nino or Southern Oscillation • an abnormal warming of surface ocean waters in the eastern tropical Pacific. • South American fisherman have given this phenomenon the name El Nino, which is Spanish for "The Christ Child," because it comes about the time of the celebration of the birth of the Christ Child-Christmas.

46. How the Phenomena of the La Nina and the El Nino occur • They occur as a result of some kind of interaction that occurs between the atmosphere in the tropic Pacific and the surface of the ocean waters. • When this ocean system becomes warm, we call it El Nino. • When the ocean system becomes cold, it is usually referred to as the La Nina phenomenon..

47. NORMAL CONDITION

48. Normal condition • Strong trade winds blow from the east along the equator, pushing warm water into the Pacific Ocean. The thermocline layer of water is the area of transition between the warmer surface waters and the colder water of the bottom. • Because the surface water is push westward toward Indonesia, the sea level is roughly half a meter higher in the western Pacific than in the east. Thus you have warmer, deeper waters in the western Pacific and cooler, shallower waters in the east near the coast of South America.

49. TOPEX/POSEIDON global topography maps are used to study ocean surface circulation. Here the highest sea elevation (shown in red) is in the western Pacific Ocean. • In the east the water cools the air above it, and the air becomes too dense to rise to produce clouds and rain. However; in the western Pacific the air is heated by the water below it, increasing the buoyancy of the lower atmosphere thus increasing the likelihood of rain. This is why heavy rain storms are typical near Indonesia while Peru is relatively dry.

50. EL NINO CONDITION