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The 1960’s

The 1960’s. JFK, LBJ, The Warren Court. Main Ideas. Chapter 28, Section 1: Kennedy and the Cold War The Kennedy administration faces some of the most dangerous Soviet confrontations in American history. The Election of 1960. The Televised Debate Affects Votes

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The 1960’s

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  1. The 1960’s JFK, LBJ, The Warren Court

  2. Main Ideas • Chapter 28, Section 1: Kennedy and the Cold War • The Kennedy administration faces some of the most dangerous Soviet confrontations in American history.

  3. The Election of 1960 The Televised Debate Affects Votes • Americans fear U.S. falling behind Soviets militarily • John F. Kennedy discusses Catholicism openly, puts to rest public worries • Public felt there would be closer ties to church and state and the worried about the influence of the pope on America’s affairs

  4. 1960 Debate • First televised presidential debate between Kennedy, Richard Nixon • Nixon is foreign policy expert, and VP for Eisenhower • Kennedy coached by TV producers, comes across better than Nixon- he looked and spoke better http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbrcRKqLSRw&feature=related

  5. Kennedy’s Advantages • Two factors that helped put Kennedy ahead: television and the civil rights issue • JFK takes stand on arrest of Martin Luther King, Jr; wins black vote • Comes from a wealthy family – was charismatic and handsome • Some felt that he was too inexperienced because of his age – 43. Second youngest president in the nations history.

  6. JFK inaugural address • Select several passages from this speech that you think Americans found particularly inspirational or meaningful at the time. • Underline or highlight them. • Be able to explain why you think they are inspirational or meaningful at this time in history!

  7. The election in November 1960 was the closest since 1884. • Kennedy won by fewer than 119,000 popular votes= 0.16% • Electoral votes 303 to 219 • Comparison to the 2000 Election- Bush v. Gore. Bush wins by electoral votes • 271 to 266 electoral votes, and Gore actually won the popular vote by 500,000 votes.

  8. The Kennedy Mystique • Critics argue his smooth style lacks substance The Camelot Years • Kennedy White House known as Camelot for its glamour, culture, wit • First Lady admired for her elegance • Constant articles about the family- public is fascinated!

  9. How might a photograph like this help a president?

  10. The Best and the Brightest • JFK’s advisers called “the best and the brightest” • Brother Robert Kennedy named attorney general- JFK relied most heavily on him as an advisor

  11. A New Military Policy Defining a Military Strategy • Focused on the cold war and felt that Eisenhower didn’t do enough about the Soviet threat. • Felt the Soviets were gaining loyalty from the less developed third world countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa. • Criticized the Republican party for allowing Communism to take hold in Cuba!

  12. New Milt. Policy (cont.) JFK believes must redefine nation’s nuclear strategy • • Flexible response—fight conventional wars, keep nuclear arms balanced- keep up with the USSR (arms race) • nonnuclear forces such as troops, ships, and artillery- but still continue to build up nuclear weapons • JFK increases defense spending in three areas: • - strengthens conventional forces • - creates army Special Forces (Green Berets) • - triples nuclear capabilities

  13. Green Berets JFK visits Ft. Bragg and talks with a General in the Green Berets

  14. Crises over Cuba • The Cuban Dilemma • Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro declares himself communist- overthrows Batista in 1959 • seizes U.S. properties; Eisenhower cuts off diplomatic relations • 10% of Cuban population goes into exile; mostly to U.S.

  15. The Bay of Pigs April 17, 1961 •Cuban exiles, CIA plan invasion to topple Castro • USA supports, but not “directly” involved • Plans go wrong; exile forces killed, taken prisoner • JFK pays $53 million ransom in food, medicine; mission is public embarrassment

  16. The Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 • Nikita Khrushchev sends weapons to Cuba, including nuclear missiles • JFK warns Soviets that missile attack will trigger war on U.S.S.R.- naval blockade around Cuba • Soviets want to avoid confrontation at sea; reach agreement with U.S. • Withdraw missiles from Cuba

  17. JFK’s address to the public. (Before Khrushchev withdraws) • How is the USA responding? • What is he calling for? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLxgeINIBEM

  18. Kennedy and Khrushchev Take the Heat • Khrushchev’s prestige severely damaged in U.S.S.R. after Cuban Missile Crisis • JFK criticized for brinkmanship, also for not ousting Castro

  19. Crisis over Berlin- Berlin Wall Activity • Work individually for 10 minutes on “A Divided Germany and the Berlin Wall”

  20. Crisis over Berlin The Berlin Crisis • By 1961 20% of Germans flee to West Berlin; economic drain on East • Khrushchev wants to close access roads to West Berlin; JFK refuses • • Soviets isolate West Berlin from East Germany with Berlin Wall • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwOfphFsUwM

  21. Searching for Ways to Ease Tensions • Khrushchev, Kennedy conscious of the danger of quick decisions • Establish hot line—direct phone between White Houseand Kremlin • Original Red phone removed but it still exists! • Limited Test Ban Treaty bans nuclear tests in atmosphere. B/n USA and USSR

  22. Section 2: The New Frontier Why do you think this photograph is significant in U.S. history?

  23. The Promise of Progress • Kennedy’s Vision of Progress • New Frontier—legislation program of the Kennedy administration

  24. Stimulating Economy By 1960, U.S. in recession; 6% unemployment (Today- Bureau of Labor Statistics- 7.8% in September 2012) • JFK administration pushes for deficit spending to stimulate growth (Govt. spend more money, thought it would increase demand for goods and services from people, causing them to spend more money) • Gets 20% increase for defense; money for unemployment problems

  25. Addressing Poverty Abroad Peace Corps—volunteers assist developing nations; great success Alliance for Progress—economic, technical assistance to Latin America • in part meant to stop the spread of communism in Latin America

  26. Race to the Moon • April 1961, Soviet astronaut Yuri A. Gagarin is first man in space • Soon after, U.S. puts man in space (Alan Shepard) • July 1969 U.S astronaut Neil Armstrong is first man to walk on moon • University science programs grow

  27. Tragedy in Dallas • November 22, 1963 • JFK shot, killed riding in motorcade in Dallas, TX- Dealey Plaza. • Alleged assassin- Lee Harvey Oswald • Jack Ruby shoots Oswald (before Oswald could stand trial) • Abraham Zapruder’s home video of the event: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iU83R7rpXQY

  28. Unanswered Questions • Warren Commission investigates, concludes Oswald acted alone • Findings have been VERY controversial and have been challenged by later studies • Mob? CIA plot? • One U.S. committee- 1979 reinvestigation concludes Oswald probably part of conspiracy • Clip from the Kennedy Assassination-Beyond Conspiracy- 2003. Shows how Oswald acted alone, what Americans felt at the time… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSBXW1-VGmM

  29. Section 3: The Great Society Lyndon Baines Johnson

  30. Johnson’s Domestic Agenda The War on Poverty • 1964 tax cut spurs economic growth • 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination, allows enforcement • LBJ declares “war on poverty”

  31. The 1964 Election • Republicans nominate Senator Barry Goldwater • Goldwater- advocates intervention in Vietnam • LBJ says will not send troops to Vietnam • Wins by landslide

  32. Building the Great Society Great Society—LBJ’s legislation to end povertyand discrimination Education • Elementary and Secondary Education Act funds school materials Healthcare • Medicare—low-cost medical, hospital insurance for senior citizens • Medicaid—health insurance for welfare recipients

  33. Building the Great Society (cont.) Housing • Money set aside for public housing; low- moderate-income homes • Dept. of Housing and Urban Development created

  34. The Environment • Rachel Carson Silent Spring (dangers of pesticides) • Water Quality Act of 1965 requires states to clean up rivers Consumer Protection • Laws set standards for consumer labels, auto safety, food safety

  35. Reforms of the Warren Court Warren Court—Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren • Rejects loyalty oaths, affirms free speech, church-state separation • Many landmark decisions/cases!

  36. Reforms of the Warren Court (cont.) Congressional Reapportionment • Did not account for the shift from more people in rural areas to more people in cities/suburbs • Reapportionment—way states redraw election districts by population • Leads to shift in political power from rural to urban areas • One person one vote (Baker v. Carr)

  37. Reforms of Warren Court (cont.) Rights of the Accused • Warren Court rulings expand rights of people accused of crimes: • illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court. “Exclusionary rule” (Mapp v. Ohio) • courts must provide legal counsel to anyone that cannot afford one (Gideon v. Wainwright) • suspect must be read rights before questioning (Miranda v. Arizona)

  38. Miranda Rights

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