What is the United Nations?

2. What is the United Nations?

3. The United Nations was founded in 1945 to: • Promote world peace; • Develop good relationships between countries; • Promote cooperation in solving the world’s problems; • Encourage respect for human rights.

4. Quiz Yourself! 1. What is the central organ of the United Nations, where all member states gather to discuss international issues and concerns? the General Assembly 2. How many member states make up the United Nations? 193 3. Who is the Secretary-General? What country is he/she from? Mr. Ban Ki-moon; South Korea (South Sudan)

5. Quiz Yourself! 4. How many official working languages are used at the United Nations? 6 5. There are 15 countries represented on the Security Council. Which five permanent members (a.k.a. “the Big Five”) hold veto power? China, France, Russia, United Kingdom and United States 6. Where is the United Nations Headquarters located? New York City, United States of America (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish)

6. How does the United Nations present solutions to important global issues?

7. Hint: It’s not a law, but a… Resolution? !

8. What’s a Resolution?

9. A written statement expressing an opinion or recommending specific solutions or actions to be taken on an important issue; • Presented by one country or a group of countries that share the same idea.

10. Oftentimes used to criticize or put pressure on other member states to participate in a recommended course of action. Let’s take a look at a sample resolution!

11. Committee: School Administration Topic: Bullying Sponsor: Students School Administration, Concerned that nearly 43% of kids are bullied online every year, Recognizing that 1 in 4 have been cyber bullied more than once, Acknowledging that only 1 in 10 victims of bullying will inform a parent or trusted adult of being the target on online abuse, Urges schools to adopt online bullying education programs, beginning in elementary school, to raise awareness and provide students with specific strategies to confront bullying; Encourages schools to create environments where staff and students are comfortable taking positive action when they witness bullying; Suggests that schools adopt parent education programs to teach parents about the different forms of online bullying and how to identify signs that their child is responsible for, or the victim of, online bullying. Header Preambulatory Clauses Operative Clauses

12. Part I: Heading • A helpful way to identify a resolution! • Identifies three components: • Committee • Topic • Sponsor School Administration Bullying Students

13. Discusses background information on the resolution: Why is this issue important? What has been done? Why is it still a problem? Needs to reference reliable sources! (e.g., U.N. Charter, other U.N. resolutions, Millennium Development Goals) Format: Italicize the first few words at the start of each clause. Each preambulatory clause is followed by a comma (,). Part II: Preambulatory Clauses

14. Acknowledging Appreciating Approving Aware Concerned Part II: Preambulatory Clauses • Considering • Keeping in mind • Recognizing • Taking into Consideration

15. Part II: Preambulatory Clauses Concernedthat nearly 43% of kids are bullied online every year, Recognizing that 1 in 4 have been cyber bullied more than once, Acknowledgingthat only 1 in 10 victims of bullying will inform a parent or trusted adult of their abuse,

16. Part III: Operative Clauses • Suggests what action should be taken to address the issue at hand: What should we do to solve the problem? • Proposes reasonable solutions that the committee can enforce. • Format: First action word (or few words) is underlined. Each operative clause is numbered at the beginning and ends with a semi-colon (;). The last clause ends with a period (.).

17. Part III: Operative Clauses • Congratulates • Decides • Declares • Encourages • Recommends • Reminds • Requests • Suggests • Supports • Urges

18. Part III: Operative Clauses • Urges schools to adopt bullying education programs, beginning in elementary school, to raise awareness and provide students with specific strategies to confront bullying; • Encourages schools to create environments where staff and students are comfortable taking positive action when they witness bullying; • Suggests that schools adopt parent education programs to teach parents about the different forms of online bullying and how to identify signs that their child is responsible for, or the victim, of online bullying.

19. 3 main parts: (1) heading (2) preambulatory clauses & (3) operative clauses One long sentence separated by commas (,) and semicolons (;) A period (.) only appears at the end of the last operative clause. Formatting A Resolution Let’s Review!

20. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

21. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

22. MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education “Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.” — Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

23. MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education The total number of out-of-school children has declined, falling from 102 million in 2000 to 57 million in 2011. However, the current pace of progress is not enough to meet the target by 2015.

24. MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education One in four children who enters first grade will leave before reaching the last grade of primary school.

25. MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Of all the children without access to primary education around the globe, sixty-one percent of children without access to primary education are girls.

26. MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Eighty percent of out-of-school children live in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

27. MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Poverty is one of the greatest barriers to achieving equal access to primary education. Many families cannot afford to pay the necessary fees to send their children to school.

28. MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education In many countries, children often have to travel long distances to and from school. For children living in regions marked by instability and violence, traveling to school can be dangerous.

29. MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Many countries lack the proper funds and/or resources needed to build schools, purchase supplies and pay teachers.

30. MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Eliminating or reducing school fees has drastically increased enrollment, particularly for girls. When free schooling was introduced in Uganda, primary school enrollment nearly doubled.

31. Let’s Try It! the Preambulatory Clauses In your small groups, select one person to be the group leader and one person to be the group reporter, or writer. You have 10 minutes to write two preambulatory clauses addressing universal access to primary education (Handout #3 & 4) At the end, the leader and reporter will come to podium to share.

32. Let’s Try It! the Operative Clauses • In your small groups, select one new person to be the group leader and one new person to be the group reporter, or writer. • You have 10 minutes to write two operative clauses addressing universal access to primary education. Think... What are we going to do? • At the end, the leader and reporter will come to podium to share.

33. Amending a Resolution! • Only the operative clauses can be amended! Ask yourself… Is there a way to strengthen or change an operative clause so that more countries will support it? • Identify areas within the resolution that could potentially be made stronger, clearer or more specific.Ask yourself… Is there a need for further clarification?

34. Add words or phrases Delete words or phrases Combine 2 or more operative clauses Remove an entire operative clause Amending a Resolution!

35. Let’s Try It! Working Lunch Assignment • In your small groups, discuss the proposed resolutions (Handout #5). Your group’s task is to amend at least one operative clause! Think... How can I make the operative clause stronger? clearer? • You have 20 minutes to complete this activity and eat your lunch. • At the end, the leader and reporter will come to podium to share.

36. Committee: General Assembly Topic: Universal Access to Primary Education Sponsor: United Kingdom The General Assembly, Aware of the fact that there are still 57 million out-of-school children around the world, Recognizing that many countries lack the proper funds and/or resources to build schools, purchase supplies and pay teachers, Keeping in mind that eliminating or reducing school fees can substantially increase enrollment, particularly for girls, Calls for better funding in order to reach universal primary education; Emphasizes the importance of providing aid to countries where resources, supplies and funds are needed; Proposes a decrease in school fees in order to allow families in poverty to send their children to school.

37. Listen carefully to make sure that you fully understand anotherdelegate’s point of view. Keep an open mind, even if you disagree. Disagree respectfully by using appropriate diplomatic language, showing respect for others’ opinions and explaining why your country does (or does not) support the resolution. Tips for Preparing!

38. Tips for Preparing! • Remain true to your country’s convictionsand interests but look for ways to compromise. • Focus on the goal at hand, which is to develop a solution that satisfies as many countries’ interests as possible. • Dress to impress – Delegates should wear business attire, native costume or school uniform. No sneakers, jeans, or open-toed shoes.

39. Introduces your country and its history as it relates to the topic Summarizes past actions taken by your country’s govt. to address the topic and provides statistics to back up your country’s position Most importantly, the position paper outlines what your country believes should be done to address the topic! Due Date: Friday, April 4 Write aPosition Paper!

40. Write a Resolution! • From the perspective of your assigned country, write a resolution addressing your topic, including three preambulatory clauses and three corresponding operative clauses. • Due Date: Thursday, April 24

41. Questions? Jr. Model United Nations Conference Tuesday, May 20 or Wednesday, May 21, 2014