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Biodiversity

Biodiversity. a summary for A Level Biology. Classification of the domestic cat. Kingdom Animalia. Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Carnivora. Family Felidae. Classification of the domestic cat. Family Felidae. Genus Felis. Species Felis catus , the domestic cat.

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Biodiversity

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  1. Biodiversity a summary for A Level Biology

  2. Classification of the domestic cat Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae

  3. Classification of the domestic cat Family Felidae Genus Felis Species Felis catus, the domestic cat

  4. The five kingdom system • Until the mid-twentieth century all living organisms were classified in either the Animal Kingdom or the Plant Kingdom • This led to numerous inconsistencies and absurdities (e.g. bacteria classified as ‘plants’) • Since the 1960s most biologists have recognised five kingdoms: Prokaryota (Monera), Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

  5. Kingdom Prokaryota (Monera) • All prokaryotic unicells: cells may form groups or chains, but there is little or no differentiation between them • Include the bacteria, the cyanobacteria and the archaea: Nostoc Sulfolobus

  6. Kingdom Prokaryota (Monera) • Genetically the bacteria are more different from the archaea than from animals or plants: some biologists propose a three-domain classification, with the Archaea, the Bacteria and the Eukarya having equal ‘domain’ status

  7. The three-domain system The Prokaryota would comprise two of the domains … the Protoctista contains a wide range of eukaryotes … with the Plantae, Animalia and Fungi three relatively similar groups.

  8. Kingdom Protoctista • As we saw in the previous slide, the Protoctista contains a wide range of very diverse organisms • All are eukaryotic; most are unicellular, and those that are multicellular (e.g. brown or red seaweeds) show very limited cellular differentiation

  9. Kingdom Protoctista • ‘Animal-like’ Protoctists are often called Protozoa : Paramecium, a ciliate protozoan Amoeba, a rhizopod protozoan Euglena, a flagellate protozoan

  10. Kingdom Protoctista • ‘Plant-like’ Protoctists are often called Algae : Chlorella, a ‘green alga’ Assorted dinoflagellates Assorted phytoplankton

  11. Kingdom Fungi • Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms with cell walls containing chitin and other polysaccharides as well as cellulose • Typically a fungus consists of a mycelium composed of cylindrical hyphae, which may be multinucleate • Nutrition is always heterotrophic, either saprobiontic or parasitic • Reproductionis by production of sexual or asexual spores

  12. Kingdom Fungi False-colour scanning electron micrograph of Penicillium Green: hyphae, making up the mycelium Orange: spore-bearing hyphae (conidiophores) Blue: asexual spores (conidia)

  13. Kingdom Fungi Higher fungi often produce their spores in organised structures called fruiting bodies: these include mushrooms, toadstools, brackets, puffballs etc Death cap, Amanita phalloides Shaggy ink cap, Coprinus comatus Giant puffball, Lycoperdon gigantica

  14. Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular photoautotrophic eukaryotes • Cell walls contain cellulose • Some cells at least contain chloroplasts (except in some plant parasites like broomrape or dodder, which have lost them)

  15. Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular heterototrophic eukaryotes • Cells without cell walls • Usually motile, at least at some stage in the life cycle • Nutrition is characteristically holozoic • All except sponges show nervous coordination

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