9. GLOSSARY

1. 9. GLOSSARY 2G Cellular Networks 3G Cellular Networks 4G Cellular Networks 802.11 Standards Backbone Bit Rate Bluetooth Broadband Cable Modem Coaxial Cable Collocation Dial-up Modem DSL Easement Ethernet FCC Hotspots HFC Networks Hot Zones IDR IEEE Infrastructure ISDN ISP LAN Network NTIA Node Optical Fiber Cable RF Router Server Switch (Hub) T-1 T-3 Telecommunications UTP UWB VoIP WAN WISPs WLAN WMAN WPAN WWAN Wireless Communications Facility Wireless Communications Tower Wi-Fi Wireless Mesh Architecture WiMAX

2. 2G Cellular Networks. The second generation of mobile telephony systems. These systems make use of digital encoding. 2G networks support high bit rate voice, limited data communications, and different levels of encryption. These systems are currently being replaced by 3G wireless networks in many regions. 3G Cellular Networks. The third generation of mobile systems, currently in the process of being deployed by service carriers worldwide. These systems provide high-speed data transmissions of 144 kbps and higher and support multimedia applications such as full-motion video, video conferencing, and Internet access. 4G Cellular Networks. The fourth generation of mobile systems, these systems have not been fully defined as yet but are expected to be deployed by the end of the decade. The system is to provide high speed mobile wireless access and pervasive networks. It is to provide access through several wireless access technologies simultaneously and allow seamless connection between them. This should provide the maximum flexibility in access, network deployment and achievement of total area coverage.

3. 802.11 Standards. The set of Wireless LAN standards set up by the IEEE to govern the creation of Wi-Fi devices for the creation of WLANs. The important standards are listed below: 802.11b – Frequency: 2.4 GHz, Maximum Bit Rate: 11 Mbps, Range: 300 feet 802.11g – Frequency: 2.4 GHz, Maximum Bit Rate: 54 Mbps, Range: 300 feet 802.11a – Frequency: 5 GHz, Maximum Bit Rate: 54 Mbps, Range: 150 feet 802.11n – Next generation Wi-Fi standard, still under development. Backbone. A trunk cable used to tie sections of a network together. Bit Rate. A measure of the rate of data transfer, the number of bits of data transferred per second, a bit is a binary digit (a 1 or 0) and is the smallest indivisible unit of data used by computers. The abbreviations bps (bits per second), Kbps (kilobits (1,000 bits) per second), Mbps (megabits (1,000,000 bits) per second), and Gbps (gigabits (1,000,000,000 bits) per second) are commonly used for this measurement. Bluetooth. A wireless networking standard for short-ranged networks, used mostly for devices such as wireless keyboards, mice and cell phones. Broadband. A high-speed connection used for wide-area networking, normally provided by T-1, Cable Modem, DSL or faster type of connection. Cable Modem. A device that enables a computer to transmit data over a cable system. It provides a bridge for converting the data for transmission between the LAN and cable network. Typically providing data transfer speeds of up to 8 Mbps for downloads and 1 Mbps for uploads. Coaxial Cable. A type of cable that contains two conductors. The center conductor is surrounded by a layer of insulation, which is then wrapped by a braided-metal conductor and an outer layer of insulation. This type of wire is usually used in cable television, VoIP phone and broadband data systems. Collocation. Location of multiple wireless communication antennae on the same wireless communications facility or support structure. Collocation of antennae is limited by the strength of the support structure, potential for interference between signals and the potential to provided signal coverage in the desired target area. Dial-up Modem. A device that enables a computer to transmit data over analog telephone lines. Typically providing data transfer speeds of up to 56 Kbps.

4. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line). A transmission technology that allows existing copper loops in the public telephone network to be upgraded to support digital transmission of data. Typically providing data transfer speeds of up to 3.1 Mbps for downloads and 768 Kbps for uploads. Easement. A right afforded to a person to make limited use of another’s real property. Ethernet. The primary technological protocol for local area networks (LANs), synonymous with the IEEE 802.3 family of standards. The protocol ensures that most networks in the world to function in the same fashion and that they are compatible with one another through specification of software and hardware standards for computer networking. FCC (Federal Communications Commission). A U.S. government agency charged with the task of regulating all forms of interstate and international communication. The Commission has the power to regulate all electrical communications systems originating in the United States (both wired and wireless). Hotspots. A geographic location (typically within a radius of 100 meters or so) where a user can get access to Internet services by using the WLAN capabilities of the laptop (usually 802.11 b or 802.11g). HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Cable) Networks. A telecommunications network using cable in which optical fiber cable and coaxial cable constitute different portions of a network carrying broadband content (such as video, data, and voice). A local CATV company might use fiber optic cable from the cable distribution center to the serving node located near the users, and then use coaxial cable from these nodes to individual businesses and homes. An advantage of HFC is that some of the characteristics of fiber optic cable (high bandwidth and low noise /low interference susceptibility) can be brought close to the user without having to replace the entire existing coaxial cable that is installed. Hot Zones. Hotspots that cover a broad area, such as a downtown city district. Off-the-shelf radio technology such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and cellular 3G are usually used.

5. IDR: Intermediate distribution room IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). A technical professional society promoting the development and application of electrotechnology and allied sciences. The IEEE fosters the development of standards that often become national and international standards. Infrastructure. The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). A digital telephone connection that lets you connect to the Internet at about twice the speed of a regular phone connection. Once popular, but there are now more cost-effective forms of high-speed Internet connections. ISP (Internet Service Provider). A company that provides access to the Internet for a fee. LAN (Local Area Network). A networking system covering a few hundred feet and offering high-speed connections (10 Mbps to 10 Gbps). A communications system that connects computers and other digital devices in a building or group of buildings. Network. Two or more systems interconnected by communications links. NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration). The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) is the President’s principal adviser on telecommunications and information policy issues. In addition to representing the Executive Branch in both domestic and international telecommunications and information policy activities, NTIA also manages the Federal use of spectrum; performs cutting-edge telecommunications research and engineering, including resolving technical telecommunications issues for the Federal government and private sector; and administers infrastructure and public telecommunications facilities grants. Node. A computer or any other device in a network. Every node has a unique network address.

6. Optical Fiber Cable. A telecommunications cable in which one or more optical fibers are used as the signal propagation medium. The optical fibers are surrounded by buffers, strength members, and jackets for protection, stiffness, and strength. An optical fiber is a filament of transparent dielectric material, usually glass or plastic, and usually circular in cross section, that guides light. RF (Radio Frequency). Of, or pertaining to, any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum normally associated with radio wave propagation. Router. A device that interfaces two networks and controls how data is exchanged between them. They are commonly used to link a LAN to a broadband Internet connection. Server. A computer or other device that is on a network and manages applications or network services. Switch (Hub). An efficient type of hub that sends data packets only to the port that is connected to the intended recipient rather than sending them to all of the ports, as a simple hub does. T-1 (Level 1 T-Carrier system). A digitally multiplexed telecommunications carrier system capable of data transfer rates up to 1.544 Mbps. This is a point-to-point connection, dedicated phone connection, popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for ISPs connecting to the Internet backbone. T-3 (Level 3 T-Carrier system). A digitally multiplexed telecommunications carrier system capable of data transfer rates up to 44.736 Mbps. This is a dedicated phone connection, used mainly by ISPs connecting to the Internet backbone and for the backbone itself. This system supports real time video. Telecommunications. Any transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair). An electrically conducting cable, comprising one or more pairs, none of which is shielded. This cable is used to connect components in a LAN, allowing speeds up to 100 Mbps at distances of 100 meters and speeds up to 1 Gbps over shorter distances (25 meters or less). UWB (Ultra-Wideband, WiMedia). A wireless networking standard (IEEE 802.15.3a) that is being promoted to provide short range connectivity between computers, consumer electronics and mobile devices. It will likely include wireless USB and next generation Bluetooth systems.

7. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). A technique for routing telephone calls over the Internet instead of over traditional phone carriers. WAN (Wide Area Network). A network that provides data communications to a larger number of independent users than are usually served by a LAN and is usually spread over a larger geographic area than that of a LAN. WISPs (Wireless Internet Service Providers). A company that provides wireless access to the Internet for a fee. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network). A LAN that utilizes short-range radio waves forconnectivity, typically using a 802.11 Wi-Fi system. WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Network). A wireless WAN that serves all the users in a metropolitan area. WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network). A wireless network for interconnecting devices centered around an individual person’s workspace. Typically, a WPAN uses some technology that permits communication within about 10 meters - in other words, a very short range. One such technology is Bluetooth, which was used as the basis for a new standard, IEEE 802.15. WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network). A wireless network covering a large area using cellular network technologies to transfer data. These cellular technologies are offered regionally, nationwide, or even globally and are provided by a wireless service provider for a monthly usage fee Wireless Communications Facility. A facility that transmits and/or receives electromagnetic signals. It includes antennas, microwave dishes, horns and other types of equipment used for the transmission or receipt of such signals, telecommunication towers or similar structures supporting such equipment, equipment buildings, parking area and other accessory development. Wireless Communications Tower. A mast, pole, monopole, guyed tower, lattice tower, freestanding tower or other structure designed and primarily used to support antennas. This typically includes ground or building mounted masts greater than ten feet tall and six inches in diameter that support antennas. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). The marketing name for the IEEE 802.11 set of WLAN standards.

8. Wireless Mesh Architecture. This is a wireless communication infrastructure between a large number of individual wireless access points (nodes). This type of infrastructure is decentralized, relatively inexpensive, and very reliable and resilient, as each node need only transmit as far as the next node. Nodes act as repeaters to transmit data from nearby nodes to peers that are too far away to reach, resulting in a network that can span large distances. Mesh networks are also extremely reliable, as each node is connected to several other nodes. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). This is a wirelessindustry coalition whose members have organized to advance IEEE 802.16 standards for broadband wireless access (BWA) networks. WiMAX 802.16 technology is expected to enable multimedia applications with wireless connections. WiMax also has a range of up to 30 miles, presenting provider networks with a viable wireless last mile solution.

9. Workshop - Challenge to your most interesting things -

10. Workshop 1 2X Server Workshop 2 W-LAN Security Workshop 3 X- Rays Communication Systems Workshop 4AD HOC Network System Workshop 5New DNS Function Workshop 6Future of Internet Workshop 7 Let’s think with more deep thought Workshop 8 Next Generation Network Workshop 9 Future Requested Services Workshop 10 Creative Space Production by Artificial Intelligent Workshop 11 Robot Communication System Workshop 12 GPS (Global Positioning System) Workshop 13 Sunbeam Transmission System

11. Workshop 1 : 2X Server 2X Software Ltd, Cyprus Publish any Windows application onto remote desktops and save on administration & support With 2X ApplicationServer for Windows Terminal Services companies can reap the benefits of thin client computing without having to switch the network infrastructure to a thin client OS. Rather than deploying particular windows applications onto all your desktops, resulting in an administration and support nightmare, install the application on one central server and use 2X ApplicationServer for Windows Terminal Services to seamlessly publish the application onto remote desktops. Users will never know that the application is running remotely and you will be able to manage the application from a single location! Transmitting just the screen updates rather than the client server data is often faster too. 2X ApplicationServer features: Publish applications, rather than installing locally Tunnel an application, not a whole desktop Seamless integration with local desktop & taskbar Publish applications based on username, group membership or IP Publish Windows applications onto Linux   and Mac Publish applications to Web Interface (Windows clients only) Publish applications to a terminal server farm Integration with 2X LoadBalancer SSL secure connection to Applications Universal Printing Automatic Redundancy  Associated File Extensions

12. 2X Server Based Computing The biggest requirements in today's IT Network infrastructure are to: Cut hardware costs Reduce administration Reduce energy consumption Improve security With Server Based Computing all this can be accomplished.

13. Fix Key Change Key AES 128/256 bits Workshop 2 : W-LAN Security WEP=Wired Equivalent Privacy WAP WAP=Wireless Application Protocol WAP2 AES: Advanced Encryption System

14. 100Km 0.1 mm 0.77 µm 0.38 µm 1 nm 1pm～10nm 100～0.1 angstrom Infrared Rays Ultraviolet Rays Radio Wave X-Ray Optical Fiber 7 colors Light (1A=10-10m) Workshop 3 : X- Rays Communication Systems 3000GHz

15. Next-Generation Communications Demonstrating the World’s First X-ray Communication System About the Technology A Goddard technologist has demonstrated the world’s first X-ray communication system using a Modulated X-ray Source (MXS) developed with Goddard R&D funds. With additional Internal Research and Development funding, the inventor is integrating the system with X-ray optics to demonstrate a full system- level concept, with the hope of increasing the system’s data rate of 50 kbps to 1 Mbps. Testing began in the fall of 2007 at Goddard’s X- ray Interferometry Testbed, using the facility’s 600-meter vacuum beamline. The goal is to some day transmit gigabytes of data per second using minimal power.

16. Workshop 4 : AD HOC Network System PC - PC AP – PC AP - AP PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC Windows Vista = Ad Hoc Application Software (Windows Collaboration ) “People Near Me” communication function: IPv4 → IPv6 Application Services: - Presentation Document Exchange - E-mail & Messenger Exchange - Internet Game Playing - Movie & Music data exchange

17. DNS Server Information ? Mobile: FAX: IP TEL: E-mail: Workshop 5 : New DNS Function

18. Workshop 6 : Future of Internet - Free of Charge - Intelligent Network - Real Time World News - Automatic Created Presentation Document - Video on Demand - Self Music Creation Application Services - Home School - Home Medical Services - Home Government Services - Satellite Office - Automatic Answering Services - Automatic E-mail Services - Real Time Person Location Services - Automatic Translation Services - Real Time Video Supply Services

19. Workshop 7 : Let’s think with more deep thought Frequency and Wavelength λ x ƒ = v λ: wavelength ƒ: Frequency v: speed of electromagnetic wave 299,792,458 m / s 3 x 10 8 (m / s) λ = = 6000 km / times 50 Hz (times / s) 50 times 50Hz 1 sec 3 x 10 8 m electromagnetic wave λ 6000 km

20. Mirror L2 L1 Laser Prism Photo Diode Oscilloscope time Half Transparency Mirror t2= 40.2 ns t1= 14.7 ns Signal Level time (ns) Light Speed Measurement : 299792458.0±1.2m/s Δｔ＝t2-t1 , ΔL＝２（L2-L1）, c=ΔL/Δt Δｔ＝25.5ns, ΔL=7.52ｍ, c= 2.95×108m/s P1: Short Distance Return P2 : Long Distance Return

22. Measurement of the Light Speed Light Source Rotation Mirror Reflex Mirror A 10 km B 299796 ± 4km/s Shading Check A ΔL=20km 20 x 10 3 c= ΔL/ Δt = B 66.712 x 10 - 6 = 299.796 x 10 6 m / s Δt= 66.712µs

23. NGN (Next Generation Network) IP IP IP Workshop 8 : Next Generation Network Service Provider Network Wire / Wireless

24. Key Word: “ Convergence ” 1. Access Technology User stay any place, Supply the same network access In the office, home, hotspot, etc. 2. MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) Ethernet, WiFi, ATM, all kinds of network connection Do not refer the IP address. Mr. Tom Siracuser AT&T Lab. 3. No down application services Multi connection network 4. Terminal situation IP application services Mobile phone, PDA, PC, Fix phone, etc

25. USA Europe & East Asia & Oceania Africa South America Workshop 9 : Future Requested Services - Global Super High Speed Network - Global Personal Number - Global Automatic Multi Access Network - Global Roaming Application Software Database Internet

26. Workshop 10 : Creative Space Production by Artificial Intelligent Purpose: Human assistance of the creative activities through the artificial intelligent system and the communication system Trip with Virtual Reality: Nature, Music, Movie, Database, Communication, Photo, Magazine, News Paper, Technology, etc

27. Workshop 11 : Robot Communication System Database Human communication Commission Secretary Automatic Selection of proper system

28. S3 (x3,y3,z3) (x1,y1,z1) user S1 (x, y, z) (x2,y2,z2) S2 x1 y1 z1 Workshop 12 : GPS (Global Positioning System) tt : Transmission time at the satellite tr : Received time at the user (x, y, z)

29. Workshop 13 : Sunbeam Transmission System Sunbeam Carrier Wave Transmitted Data Optical Receiver Optical transmitter (Operated by Solar Energy Battery)