A. Spontaneous generation can occur under specific chemical conditions.

1. A. Spontaneous generation can occur under specific chemical conditions. Only microorganisms can reproduce through spontaneous generation. Life does not arise from nonlife. D. None of the choices. Which of the following did Louis Pasteur’s 1862 experiment on spontaneous generation prove?

2. Which of the following did Louis Pasteur’s 1862 experiment on spontaneous generation prove? A. Spontaneous generation can occur under specific chemical conditions. • Only microorganisms can reproduce through spontaneous generation. • Life does not arise from nonlife. • None of the choices. Explanation: Pasteur’s experiments proved that life could not spontaneously arise from nonliving materials.

3. Miller and Urey’s experiment • modeled the early Earth and lightning storms. • proved that carbon monoxide was an essential component of Earth’s early atmosphere. • proved that only inorganic molecules could be formed from the “atmosphere” they created. • hinted that life may have come to Earth from incoming meteorites.

4. Miller and Urey’s experiment • modeled the early Earth and lightning storms. • proved that carbon monoxide was an essential component of Earth’s early atmosphere. • proved that only inorganic molecules could be formed from the “atmosphere” they created. • hinted that life may have come to Earth from incoming meteorites.

5. The earliest organisms on Earth were most likely • heterotrophs (obtaining food and energy from outside sources). • autotrophs(able to use sunlight or inorganic molecules to convert inorganic molecules into organic molecules and energy).

6. The earliest organisms on Earth were most likely • heterotrophs (obtaining food and energy from outside sources). • autotrophs(able to use sunlight or inorganic molecules to convert inorganic molecules into organic molecules and energy).

7. Cyanobacteria were significant, because they • were the precursors of modern-day bacteria. • were crucial to the development of carbon dioxide. • consumed all of the heterotrophs. • released oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis.

8. Cyanobacteria were significant, because they • were the precursors of modern-day bacteria. • were crucial to the development of carbon dioxide. • consumed all of the heterotrophs. • released oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis.

9. The endosymbiotic theory states that • RNA is in a symbiotic relationship with DNA. • mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes living inside early eukaryotes. • symbiotic organisms have the capacity to make their own proteins. • all of these choices are correct.

10. The endosymbiotic theory states that • RNA is in a symbiotic relationship with DNA. • mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes living inside early eukaryotes. • symbiotic organisms have the capacity to make their own proteins. • all of these choices are correct. Explanation: Mitochondria are most likely descendants of a group of oxygen-breathing bacteria, and chloroplasts most likely evolved from cyanobacteria.

11. Jean Baptiste Lamarck • was one of the first to recognize that fossils could be the ancestors of modern species. • believed that organisms pass the traits that they acquire in their lifetimes to their offspring. • proved to be wrong in his explanation of the mechanism of evolution, but not in the observation that evolution occurs • all of the choices.

12. Jean Baptiste Lamarck • was one of the first to recognize that fossils were ancestors of modern species. • believed that organisms pass the traits thatthey acquire in their lifetimes to their offspring. • proved to be wrong in his explanation of themechanism of evolution, but not in the observation that evolution occurs. • all of the choices.

13. Darwin’s theory of evolution • states that natural selection is a result of organisms competing for resources. • states that evolution was the result of descent with modification. • resulted from careful scientific observation. • all of the choices.

14. Darwin’s theory of evolution • states that natural selection is a result of organisms competing for resources. • states that evolution was the result of descent with modification. • resulted from careful scientific observation. • all of the choices.

15. In the evolutionary sense, fitness means • passing on traits to one’s offspring. • traits that vary from individual to individual. • the number of offspring an organism leaves compared to other organisms in the population. • being better adapted to one’s environment.

16. In the evolutionary sense, fitness means • passing on traits to one’s offspring. • traits that vary from individual to individual. • the number of offspring an organism leaves compared to other organisms in the population. • being better adapted to one’s environment.

17. Adaptations • may include traits that help individuals find mates. • are errors in the genetic code that are usually not passed down. • will only pass to offspring if they occur in sex chromosomes. • none of these choices.

18. Adaptations • may include traits that help individuals find mates. • are errors in the genetic code that are usually not passed down. • will only pass to offspring if they occur in sex chromosomes. • none of these choices.

19. Adaptation

20. Animals can better retain heat if they have a • high surface-area-to-volume ratio. • low surface-area-to-volume ratio. • both A and B. • neither A nor B.

21. Animals can better retain heat if they have a • high surface-area-to-volume ratio • low surface-area-to-volume ratio • Both A and B. • Neither A nor B.

22. Which of the following is an example of directional selection? A. Birthweight in human babies evolving so as to cluster more narrowly around the population mean. B. A population of butterflies whose individuals evolve to more effectively mimic two different poisonous species. C. The evolution of larger beaks in a population of Galápagos finches during a drought. D. None of the above.

23. Which of the following is an example of directional selection? A. Birthweight in human babies evolving so as to cluster more narrowly around the populationmean. B. A population of butterflies whose individuals evolve to more effectively mimic two different poisonous species. C. The evolution of larger beaks in a population of Galápagos finches during a drought. D. None of the above.

24. The Modern Synthesis • recognizes that most evolution occurs through genetic drift. • incorporated Mendel’s genetics into Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. • focuses on changes in migration patterns over time. • all of the above.

25. The Modern Synthesis • recognizes that most evolution occurs through genetic drift. • incorporated Mendel’s genetics into Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. • focuses on changes in migration patterns over time. • all of the above.

26. Genetic drift occurs • because of environmental pressure to adapt. • by chance. • when some individuals with particular traits move out of a population. • because an allele is more likely to mutate in a certain direction.

27. Genetic drift occurs • because of environmental pressure to adapt. • by chance. • when some individuals with particular traits move out of a population. • because an allele is more likely to mutate in a certain direction.

28. The change in coloration of the peppered moth occurred because of A. predation by bats. B. mark and recapture methods. C. the impact of pollution. D. infection by lichen.

29. The change in coloration of the peppered moth occurred because of A. predation by bats. B. mark and recapture methods. C. the impact of pollution. D. infection by lichen.

30. The liger is an example of what? • A postzygotic reproductive barrier. • Allopatric speciation. • A prezygotic reproductive barrier. • Adaptive radiation.

31. The liger is an example of what? • A postzygotic reproductive barrier. • Allopatric speciation. • A prezygotic reproductive barrier. • Adaptive radiation.

32. Which of these is an example of artificial selection? • The many breeds of cats. • The domestic goat. • Corn. • All of the above.

33. Which of these is an example of artificial selection? • The many breeds of cats. • The domestic goat. • Corn. • All of the above.

34. Biogeography A. explains why almost all marsupials are found in Australia. B. confirms that organisms were deliberately placed in certain parts of the planet. C. explains why most Arctic organisms are white in color. D. tells us that organisms do not disperse from the area in which they first evolve.

35. Biogeography A. explains why almost all marsupials are found in Australia. B. confirms that organisms were deliberately placed in certain parts of the planet. C. explains why most Arctic organisms are white in color. D. tells us that organisms do not disperse from the area in which they first evolve. Explanation: Biogeography explains why related organisms, such as marsupials, may live near each other.

36. According to the theory of punctuated equilibrium, • species change gradually and continuously over time. • we are descended from other primates. • evolution occurs in spurts. • climactic events on Earth caused the evolution of new species.

37. According to the theory of punctuated equilibrium, • species change gradually and continuously over time. • we are descended from other primates. • evolution occurs in spurts. • climactic events on Earth caused the evolution of new species.

38. Which of the following statements is an accurate description of antibiotic resistance? • Bacteria mutate in order to resist the effects of antibiotics. • Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics. • A few bacteria resistant to the antibiotic survive the treatment and reproduce. • Eliminating the use of certain antibiotics for a year or two would make them effective again.

39. Which of the following statements is an accurate description of antibiotic resistance? • Bacteria mutate in order to resist the effects of antibiotics. • Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics. • A few bacteria resistant to the antibiotic survive the treatment and reproduce. • Eliminating the use of certain antibiotics for a year or two would make them effective again.