Chapter 8 Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle

1. Chapter 8Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle

2. Section 8.1 Cellular Transport • Explain how the processes of diffusion, passive transport, and active transport occur and why they are important to cells. • Predict the effect of a hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic solution on a cell.

3. Osmosis: Diffusion of Water • The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane（选择性透过膜） is called osmosis(渗透). （p. 195）

4. Isotonic- concentration inside and outside the cell are equal (equilibrium)

5. Hypotonic concentration is low on the outside and high on the inside

6. Hypertonic concentration is high on the outside and low on the inside

7. Passive Transport (被动运输)（p.198）- no energy needed • Simple diffusion（简单扩散）

8. Passive Transport (被动运输) Facilitated diffusion(协助扩散） (specific substance)

9. Passive Transport (被动运输) Facilitated diffusion(协助扩散） (specific substance)

10. Active Transport （主动运输）（p. 199)- energy is needed • Creates Conc. gradients

11. p. 199

12. Transport of Large Particles • Endocytosis Cell folds around large particle and pulls it in; plasma membrane makes vacuole • Exocytosis Vacuole fuses with plasma membrane and release large particles

16. Cell Size Limitations (p. 201) • Diffusion limits cell size • too big and it will take too long for things for move around the cell • DNA limits cell size • Too big and it will take too long to make the proteins needed • Surface area-to-volume ratio • Too big and not enough surface area to take in nutrients and release waste

18. Section 8.2Cell Growth and Reproduction • Sequence the events of the cell cycle. • Relate the function of a cell to its organization in tissues, organs, and organ systems.

19. Cell Reproduction (p. 203) • Cell division is the process by which new cells are produced from one cell

20. The Cell Cycle (p.204&206)

21. p.205

24. Mitosis (有丝分裂) • Mitosis is divided into four phases（p. 207） • Prophase （前期） • Metaphase（中期） • Anaphase（后期） • Telophase（末期）

25. Prophase • Nucleus break apart • DNA coils into Chromosomes which are visible

26. Metaphase • Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes • Chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell

27. Anaphase • Centromeres split apart and sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell

28. Telophase • Reverse of Prophase • Nucleus reappears and chromosomes start to unwing

29. Cytokinesis （胞质分裂，P209）

30. Results of Mitosis • Mitosis results in two cells that are identical to the original, parent cell.

31. P 218

34. Section8.3 Control of the Cell Cycle • Describe the role of enzymes in the regulation of the cell cycle. • Distinguish between the events of a normal cell cycle and the abnormal events that result in cancer. • Identify ways to potentially reduce the risk of cancer.

35. Normal Control of the Cell Cyclep. 211 • Proteins and enzymes control the cell cycle • Proteins are regulated by genes (sections of DNA) • Mutations in genes can lead to cancer

36. Cancer: A Mistake in the Cell Cycle • Cancer cells have a very short interphase. • Grow and divide very fast

38. The causes of cancer （p. 212） • Genetic factors • Environmental factors • cigarette smoke • air and water pollution • exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun • viral infections (HPV)

39. Cancer prevention （p.213） • Diets high in fiber • Fruits, vegetables, and grain products • carotenoids(类胡萝卜素) • vitamins A, C,and E, • calcium • Daily exercise and not using tobacco

40. That’s all