The First World War

1. CHAPTER The First World War 19 Overview Time Lines 1 World War I Begins SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance SECTION 3 The War at Home SECTION 4 Wilson Fights for Peace SECTION Chapter Assessment Transparencies

2. Women in America THEMES IN CHAPTER 19 Expanding Democracy Immigration and Migration CHAPTER The First World War 19 HOME “The world must be made safe for democracy.” President Woodrow Wilson, 1917

3. What do you know? • • What images come to mind when you think about the First World War? • • Which countries played major roles in the First World War? • • What have you read or heard about the war? • What movies or television programs have you seen that deal with the war? How were both sides in the conflict portrayed? CHAPTER The First World War 19 HOME “The world must be made safe for democracy.” President Woodrow Wilson, 1917

4. May 1915 German U-boats sink the British liner Lusitania. August 1914 Panama Canal officially opens. April 1917America enters the First World War. January 1918President Wilson proposes the League of Nations. May 1918Congress passes the Sedition Act. June 1919Germany signs the Treaty of Versailles. 1920Nineteenth Amendment granting women suffrage becomes law. October 1919President Wilson suffers a stroke. CHAPTER Time Line 19 HOME The United States

5. June 1914Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo. January 1916The Allies withdraw from the Dardanelles after suffering more than 200,000 casualties. August 1914Germany declares war on Russia and France. Great Britain declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. January 1917Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare. March 1917Russian Revolution results in the overthrow of czarist regime. 1918Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks establish a Communist regime in Russia. CHAPTER Time Line 19 HOME The World

6. Learn About the international politics that led to war in Europe. To Understand why the United States finally became involved in the world war. SECTION 1 World War I Begins HOME

7. SECTION 1 World War I Begins HOME Key Idea Long-term tensions erupt into a devastating war among European nations, while the United States tries to remain neutral.

8. The U.S. Entrance into World War I Promoted Slowed Cultural links with Great Britain and France. Ethnic ties of German and Irish Americans. Charges of imperialism. Economic ties with Allies. Pacifism. Anger at U-boat attacks. Wilson’s slogan in 1916 campaign. Zimmermann note. SECTION 1 World War I Begins HOME 1 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the events or reasons that promoted and slowed the entrance of the United States into World War I?

9. HYPOTHESIZING If Archduke Franz Ferdinand had not been assassinated, do you think World War I would still have occurred? THINK ABOUT • the long-term causes of World War I • the reason for the archduke’s assassination • the multinational interest in the Balkans SECTION 1 World War I Begins HOME 1 Section Assessment

10. ANALYZING ISSUES Why do you think Germany responded to Wilson’s call for “peace without victory” by escalating its U-boat attacks? THINK ABOUT • Germany’s military buildup • its reputation as “the bully of Europe” • its reason for using submarine warfare SECTION 1 World War I Begins HOME 1 Section Assessment

11. Learn About the American experience fighting in the First World War. To Understand how the United States contributed to Allied victory. SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME

12. SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME Key Idea American forces, though poorly equipped at the outset, tip the balance decisively in favor of the Allies.

13. Developing an army. Transporting troops overseas. Building ships and fighter planes. PROBLEMS FACED BY U.S. Avoiding U-boats. Fighting in trenches. Using tanks, airplanes, and machine guns. SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME 2 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the problems that Americans faced as they prepared for and participated in World War I?

14. EVALUATING In your opinion, did the U.S. government use fair methods in selecting people to serve in the military? THINK ABOUT • the exemptions to the draft • the role played by women • the treatment of African Americans SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME 2 Section Assessment

15. HYPOTHESIZING How might the events and outcome of World War I have been different if the United States had not sent troops to Europe? THINK ABOUT • the results of battles before the United States entered the war • the role of American soldiers in the fighting • the emotional impact of American troops SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME 2 Section Assessment

16. Learn About the political, social, and economic forces unleashed by the war. To Understand how the war changed American society. SECTION 3 The War at Home HOME

17. SECTION 3 The War at Home HOME Key Idea The war unleashes a series of disruptions in American society as the U.S. government attempts to meet the demands of modern warfare.

18. Civilians Support the War Economic Social 1. Women’s clothing changed. 1. War bonds purchased. 2. Higher income and excise taxes paid. 2. Gas and heating oil rationed. 3. Daylight-saving time began. 3. Liberty and Victory Loan drives took place. 4. Victory gardens planted. 4. Women joined work force. SECTION 3 The War at Home HOME 3 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What are some examples of how U.S. civilians supported the war effort?

19. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Why do you think civil liberties were so easily violated by the people and government of the United States during the First World War? THINK ABOUT • the effect of the Committee on Public Information • the diverse ethnic backgrounds of Americans • the reasons for the Espionage and Sedition Acts SECTION 3 The War at Home HOME 33 Section Assessment

20. SYNTHESIZING Were changes in the American economy during World War I beneficial to the country overall? THINK ABOUT • the effect on various groups of workers • the impact on African Americans • changes in the role of government SECTION 3 The War at Home HOME 33 Section Assessment

21. Learn About the Treaty of Versailles and President Wilson’s attempts to create a League of Nations. To Understand the consequences of Wilson’s efforts. SECTION 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME

22. SECTION 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME Key Idea President Wilson’s plans for peace are modified by Allied leaders in Europe and by Americans who are eager to remove the country from foreign entanglements.

23. Established nine new countries. PROVISIONS Shifted boundaries of many countries. Punished Germany. Hoover and others considered it too harsh. Humiliated Germany. WEAKNESSES Some considered it a sellout to imperialism. OPPOSITION Ignored Russia. Some ethnic groups objected to new boundaries. Ignored self-determination for colonized people. SECTION 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME 4 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the oppositions to as well as the provisions and weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles? THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

24. EVALUATING DECISIONS If you had been a member of the United States Senate in 1919, would you have supported or opposed ratification of the Treaty of Versailles? THINK ABOUT • the provisions of the treaty regarding Germany • the impact of new boundaries in Europe • the significance of membership in the League of Nations SECTION 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME 4 Section Assessment

25. FORMING OPINIONS What do you think were the most important reasons that Wilson failed to persuade the United States to join the League of Nations? THINK ABOUT • the attitudes of Europeans at Versailles • American attitudes about the League • Wilson’s tactics for getting the League adopted SECTION 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME 4 Section Assessment

26. 19 Chapter Assessment HOME 1. What were the long-term and immediate causes of World War I? 2. Where did Germany begin its war offensive, and what happened there? 3. What overt acts caused the United States to enter World War I in 1917? 4. How did the United States mobilize a strong military during World War I? 5. What new weapons made fighting in World War I deadlier than fighting in previous wars?

27. 19 Chapter Assessment HOME 6. What methods did the United States use to sell the war to the nation? 7. What events during World War I undermined Americans’ civil liberties? 8. What were the major effects of the Treaty of Versailles? 9. How did Wilson’s support for the League of Nations stand in the way of Senate support for the Treaty of Versailles? 10. What were the major international consequences of World War I?