You are sitting by a lake, you drop a leaf on the lake and notice that it floats on the top of the

1. QUESTION 1 You are sitting by a lake, you drop a leaf on the lake and notice that it floats on the top of the water, which of the following properties of water could help explain what you observe? A) It is more dense when liquid than when frozen. B) It can dissolve large quantities of solutes. C) It has a high specific heat. D) It has a strong surface tension. E) None of these can explain what you observe.

2. QUESTION 2 The formation of large, repetitive organic molecules from small monomers is a __________ reaction. A) dehydration synthesis B) reduction C) dehydrogenation D) hydrolysis

3. QUESTION 3 • Carbon is such an important molecule for life because: • it can form chemical bonds with a maximum of four other atoms. • B) it is part of the water molecule. • C) it can hydrogen bond to so many molecules. • D) it can be bonded ionically. • E) it can form isomers.

4. QUESTION 4 • Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage by: • monera • fungi • plants • animals

5. QUESTION 5 Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)? A) gastric juice at pH 2 B) black coffee at pH 5 C) vinegar at pH 3 D) tomato juice at pH 4 E) household bleach at pH 12

6. Proteins and Nucleic Acids KEY WORDS:Protein Polypeptide Amino Acid Essential Amino Acid Denature 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° Structure Nucleic Acid Nucleotide DNA RNA

7. Types of Proteins See Table 5.1 Structural Storage Enzymes Transport Hormones Antibodies Receptor Contractile

8. Proteins 2. R group 3. Carboxyl group 1. Amino group Subunit = amino acid Amino acids have three parts:

9. The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar

10. The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged

11. Linking Amino Acids Dehydration synthesis: forms a covalent bond – A Peptide Bond Creates a polypeptide

12. Making a polypeptide chain

13. How are proteins able to do so many things? Polar Non-polar Charged - O 20 different kinds amino acids - different R-groups

14. Carbohydrates: Glucose Hard to make more than one word Proteins: 20 amino acids Glutamine Isoleucine Asparagine Serine Threonine Lysine Arginine Scrabble Analogy E1 G1 G1 G1 I1 G1 G1 G1 N1 S1 T1 K5 R1

15. Proteins Fold into Active Shape Protein function depends on shape Four Levels of Structure: Primary 1° Secondary 2° Tertiary 3° Quaternary 4°

16. Primary (1°) Structure Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide

17. The primary structure of a protein

18. Secondary (2°) Structure Folds in part of amino acid chain: Hydrogen bonds b- pleated sheet a-helix

19. Tertiary (3°) Structure 3D Packing of Polypeptides: More hydrogen bonds

20. Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

21. Quaternary (4°) Structure Interactions between 2+ polypeptides

22. The quaternary structure of proteins

23. Review: the four levels of protein structure

24. Conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme

25. A chaperonin in action

26. Denatured Proteins • Proteins can be unfolded = denatured • Can affect the behavior of the protein

27. What can cause proteins to denature? Chemicals pH Heat

28. Shape is critical for protein interactions • EXAMPLE: • Hemoglobin • 4 Polypeptides • Binds Iron • Oxygen transport

29. Protein Folding and Disease Many diseases caused by incorrect protein folding Mad Cow Disease Alzheimers Cystic Fibrosis Parkinson’s Disease Sickle Cell Anemia Arthritis Marfan Syndrome ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) Cancer Diabetes Insipidus

30. A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease

31. Sickled cells

32. Diet: Essential Amino Acids • 20 different amino acids • All living things have protein • 8 Essential Amino Acids can not be synthesized by our bodies - must be found in diet • All 8 essential amino acids are present in animal protein and soy beans

33. Essential Amino Acids

34. QUESTION • Which of the following is contains all 8 • essential amino acids? • Wheat • Soy beans • Brown rice • Corn • None of these

35. Lipoproteins & Glycoproteins • LIPOPROTEINS-Lipid + Protein • -Used for transport of fats throughout the body • -Example: HDL and LDL Cholesterol • GLYCOPROTEINS • -Carbohydrate + Protein • -Receptors on the surface of cells

36. QUESTION • The myoglobin protein, which carries oxygen in muscle cells, only has the first three levels of protein structure (it lacks a quaternary level). From this you can conclude that myglobin: • Is made of nucleic acids • Is made of only one polypeptide chain • Lacks hydrogen bonds • Is not helical or pleated • Is a fiber

37. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Nucleic acids include RNA and DNA • Polymers made up of repeating monomers called nucleotides.

38. James Watson and Francis Crick

39. Rosalind Franklin

40. X-ray crystallography

41. NUCLEOTIDES 3 Main Components: • 5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose): RNA ribose, DNA deoxyribose • Phosphate Group • Nitrogen-containing base

42. Nucleotides: Important Energy Storage Molecules • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): acts like cell’s battery, providing energy for most activities.

43. RNA and DNA SIMILARITIES: • 5-carbon sugar • Phosphate group DIFFERENCES: • Nucleotides • DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine • RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil • Sugar • DNA: Deoxyribose • RNA: Ribose

44. Nucleic Acid Synthesis • Nucleotides joined by dehydration synthesis • Covalent bond forms between PHOSPHATE GROUP and SUGAR

45. Structure of DNA

46. The components of nucleic acids

47. The DNA double helix and its replication

49. Polypeptide Sequence as Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships

50. Nucleotides are to ____ as ____ are to proteins. • Nucleic acids; amino acids • Amino acids; polypeptides • Glycosidic linkages; polypeptide linkages • Genes; enzymes • Polymers; polypeptides