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After the War of 1812, a new spirit of nationalism took hold in American society. A new national bank was chartered, and Supreme Court decisions strengthened the federal government. New roads and canals helped connect the country. Industry prospered in the North, while an agricultural economy dependent on slavery grew strong in the South. Regional differences began to define political life.
Industrial Revolution • 19th Century • Interchangeable parts • Mass production • Replaced hand tools with machines • Caused massive change in social and economic organization
Industrial Revolution2 • Began in Great Britain during 18th Century • Generated power with coal and flowing water • Power-driven machinery • People living longer (diet, medicine, sanitation) • More people than jobs
Industrial Revolution3 • Labor became available at a cheap price • As first factories were successful, owners had money to build more and more and more… • Labor-saving and industrialization
In the US • Originally, primary source of income: international trade • Same resources as G.B. • rushing rivers • coal and iron ore • steady stream of unskilled labor (immigrants)
Move towards industry • Encouraged by Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812 • By 1809, many New England shipping centers were shut down • Bad times with 1812
New England • 1793: Samuel Slater in Pawtucket, RI--first successful textile factory in US • based on memorizing factory plans from GB • only created thread
New England2 • 1813: Weaving factory built in Waltham, Mass. • Francis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, Patrick Tracy Jackson • So successful, built even larger plant in Lowell, Mass.
Northern Agriculture • Farming in North changes as cities grow • North of Ohio River: • Grew 1 or 2 crops/animals • Sold surplus • Bought everything else • Did not require much labor so no need for slavery
Northern Agriculture2 • Northeast • farms smaller • becoming increasingly self-sufficient • no need for slavery • by 1804, almost all states north of Delaware enacted laws abolishing slavery
Southern Cotton • Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin 1793 • South could now grow short-staple cotton for profit • Cotton needed to supply textile mills in England and New England
Southern Cotton 2 • Cotton Gin accelerates the expansion of slavery • Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama by 1820 in addition to Carolinas and Georgia
Slavery & the South • Plantations dependent on slave labor • Rich plantation owners want slavery legal • From Revolution - 1808: 250,000 new slaves to America. As many as brought from 1619 - 1776.
Slavery & the South2 • Not all Southern blacks were slaves. • Some had gained freedom • bought freedom • freed in legal wills • freed after long years of service • ran away
The Reverend Richard Allen and the African Methodist Episcopal Church One of the best known African Americans in the early republic, Allen founded a separate congregation for Philadelphia's black Methodists, the Bethel Church. Working with other ministers in 1816, Allen created the first independent black religious denomination in the United States—the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church—and became its first bishop. Library of Congress; Bethel AME Church, Philadelphia. Source: http://ebooks.bfwpub.com/henretta6e.php
Economic Nationalism • American leaders worked to bind the nation together. • Their program included creating a new national bank, protecting American manufacturers from foreign competition, and improving transportation in order to link the country together. • Since the United States did not have a national bank during the War of 1812, it had to pay high interest rates on the money it borrowed to pay for the war.
The American System • 1815 President Madison presents unification plan to Congress • Established protective tariff • Reactivate national bank • Develop transportation systems
American System2 • Promoted by former critic, House Speaker Henry Clay as American System. • Americans would become economically independent of Great Britain by exchange of goods between regions
Tariff of 1816 • British merchants flooded US with iron, textiles, etc. cheaper than US products • Protective tariffs on imported goods increased price of foreign goods • Revenue to help pay for internal improvements
Tariff of 18162 • Welcomed in Northeast • South and West not interested in paying more for European goods • Clay, from Kentucky, and John C. Calhoun, from South Carolina, convinced Congress to support.
2nd National Bank • National bank would benefit all regions • Second Bank of the United States could issue currency guaranteed to be accepted nationwide. • 1816 Congress charters 2nd Nation bank for 20 yrs
Panic of 1819 • Economic crisis at end of Monroe’s first term. • Over-speculation in western land. • Became full-scale depression. • BUS was hard-hit. • Many wild-cat banks went bankrupt. • “fly-by-night” banks • State banks with little financial reserves or banking practices regulation. • Farmers suffered the worst.
Transportation • The National Road • Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, Il by 1838 • Erie Canal • 363-mile long “Big Ditch” • Hudson River to Lake Erie • 1817 - 1825 • 3,000 miles of canals by 1838
Marriage of the Waters http://www.eriecanal.org/images/general-1/marriage.jpg
The Erie Canal • The song: http://www.nyscanals.gov/cculture/song.html • http://www.songsforteaching.com/folk/eriecanal.htm • A brief history:http://www.nyscanals.gov/cculture/history/index.html • http://www.nps.gov/erie/historyculture/index.htm • Erie Canal Tour:http://www.epodunk.com/routes/erie-canal/index.html
Supreme Court • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Interstate Commerce regulated only by federal government • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Denied MD the right to tax the Bank of the US • “The power to tax is the power to destroy” • Cohens v. Virginia (1821) • Established that the Supreme Court had the power to review decisions by the supreme courts of the individual states.
Supreme Court2 • Fletcher v. Peck • Nullified GA law violating individuals’ constitutional rights to enter into contracts • Dartmouth College v. Woodward • NH could not revise college charter • Protected the right of private institutions to hold private contracts without state government interference.
Moving West • Northwest Territory • Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan • In search of economic gain, escape debts or the law • Relative social equality, easily change occupations
Moving West, 2 • Remember the Northwest Ordinance (1787) laid out system for territories to gain statehood • With population of 60,000 • Petition the Union • Draft state constitution • Elect representatives • Congress approves
The Five Civilized Tribes • Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Muskogee Confederation (Creeks), and Seminoles • Over time, a number of tribal leaders as well as established planters and prosperous businessmen emerged within these communities. • The tribes developed their own constitutions, law codes, judicial systems, and other facets of "civilization."
Did you know that… The Cherokee people in the southeastern United States built European-style homes and farmsteads, developed a written language, established a newspaper, and wrote a constitution. But they had no equal protection under the law and could not prevent being removed from their homes on the Trail of Tears.
The Cherokees • By 1808, codifying their laws. • Sequoyahdeveloped a written Cherokee alphabet. • 1821: Published The Laws of the Cherokee Nation • First printed law code of a Native-American tribe. • 1827: Established a national government with three branches • 1828: Cherokee Phoenix published • First Native-American newspaper
Andrew Jackson • 1814: Commanded US military forces in defeat of the Creeks • Creeks lost 22 million acres of land in Georgia and Alabama • 1818: US gains more land when Jackson raids Southern Florida without authorization • 1814 – 1824: Instrumental in negotiating 9 out of 11 treaties divesting Native Americans of their eastern land in exchange for western land
Indian Removal Act • 1830 • Pushed through Congress by then President Jackson. • President power to negotiate removal treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. • If Native Americans stayed in the east instead of moving west, they became citizens of the state they lived in. • Jackson was paternalistic and patronizing of Native Americans.
This cartoon, which depicts Native Americans as children or dolls subject to father Andrew Jackson, was intended as a satire on Jackson’s policy of forcibly removing the Indians to reservations. The painting in the upper right corner pointedly depicts the goddess Liberty trampling a tyrant.
Cherokee Nation v. GA • 1831 • Supreme Court refused to hear case • Effectively denied self-government to the Cherokee • Georgia said that Cherokee constitution was void • Supreme Court said Indian tribes were “domestic dependent nations” with no standing in the Court.
Worcester v. GA • 1832 decision breaking with Cherokee Nation v. GA • Cherokee Native Americans WERE entitled to Supreme Court protection from state governments violating their sovereignty. • Cherokee Nation was a “distinct community” with self-government “in which laws of Georgia have no force.”
President Jackson’s response Jackson is reported to have said: “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.”
Treaty of New Echota • Signed by small faction of Cherokee Nation in 1835. Ratified by US Senate. • Most Cherokee refused to leave homes in Georgia and protested • Exchanged all land east of Mississippi for $5 million and a large tract of land in what is now Oklahoma • May 1838, War Department sent General Winfield Scott to Georgia to round up the remaining Cherokee • Beginning of the Trail of Tears.
The Trail of Tears • Removal of the Five Civilized Tribes from their ancestral lands in the east and relocation in the west. • Cherokees suffered the most. • Involved about 14,000 unwilling Cherokees • Herded into concentration camps • About 25% of the tribe perished • Many succumbed to exposure and disease (small pox, etc) • http://www.nps.gov/trte/historyculture/stories.htm
Did You Know? • In 1838 U.S. Army troops under General Winfield Scott's command rounded up Cherokee people and moved them to forts in North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee, prior to their removal west. Thirty-one forts were built for this purpose on the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail. http://www.nps.gov/trte/historyculture/stories.htm
Black Hawk War • 1832 • Put down the last armed Native American resistance in areas north of Ohio and east of Mississippi River • Black Hawk denounced an 1804 treaty telling Sac and Fox peoples to move west of Mississippi River • New treaty forced on Black Hawk in 1831 • Black Hawk returns in attempt to gain support from other tribes • Prepared to pursue peace
Black Hawk War, 2 • One of his emissaries is attacked and killed so Black Hawk attacks again. • Flees to what is now Wisconsin but is pursued by a group aided by the Sioux • Final battle at Bad Axe River • Despite flying the white flag of surrender, most of Black Hawk’s band is killed by his pursuers • Black Hawk escapes to the Winnebagos only to be given over to the authorities • Imprisoned for a year before returning to what was left of his people in Iowa • His defeat marked the removal of the last impediment to white settlement in the old Northwest Territory
Who would have guessed… During the 1820s, William Underwood and Thomas Kensett introduced the nation to the practice of sealing food in airtight tin containers. Canning with tin containers allowed people to store or transport a wide range of foods without fear of spoilage.
