Lesson XXXVI

1. Lesson XXXVI Relative Pronouns

2. The Relative Pronoun who, which, that Relative pronouns relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns. Relative pronouns are part of a relative clause. This is a type of “dependent” or “subordinate” clause. A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone as a sentence (i.e., a complete thought).

3. The Relative Pronoun Find the independent (stand-alone) clauses: • Because he cannot be here • Why can’t he be here? • Who cannot be here • Of whom we spoke • We spoke of him.

4. The Relative Pronoun Find the dependent/subordinate (can’t-stand-alone) clauses: • For which it stands • To whose advantage C. Of thee I sing • What so proudly we hailed • With a grain of salt

5. The Relative Pronoun Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Now, try the sentences on your handout! 

6. quī cuius cui quem quō quī quōrum quibus quōs quibus quae cuius cui quam quā quae quārum quibus quās quibus The Relative Pronoun (also the Interrogative Adjective)quī, quae, quod - who, which, that M. F. N. quod cuius cui quod quō quae quōrum quibus quae quibus Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Sg. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Pl.

7. Relative Pronoun Chart M. F. N. Nom. who, which, that Gen. whose, of whom, of which Dat. to/for whom, to/for which Acc. whom, which, that Abl. by, with, etc. whom, which quī cuius cui quem quō quī quōrum quibus quōs quibus quae cuius cui quam quā quae quārum quibus quās quibus quod cuius cui quod quo quae quorum quibus quae quibus Sg. Pl.

8. Finding the case, number, and gender of relative pronouns. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in GENDER and NUMBER. But their CASE is determined by how they work in their own clause. • The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. • Who refers to woman. • Gender of woman: feminine • Number of woman: singular • Who: “who rules Britain”--- “who” is the subject of its clause. • ---subjects are nominative • Therefore, “who” in this sentence is feminine, singular, nominative: QUAE

9. Relative Pronouns • The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. • Whose refers to the boy. • Gender of boy: masculine • Number of boy: singular • Whose: “whose” shows possession---I stole whose (his) bike. • Possession is shown by using the genitive case. • Therefore…. • WHOSE is masculine, singular, genitive: CUIUS

10. Try these! (and learn a big secret about using who/whom in English…!) • Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? • The girl whom I visited was my cousin. • The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Feminine, singular, dative: CUI Feminine, singular, accusative: QUAM Feminine (terra), singular, ablative (after “from”): QUA

11. Who vs. Whom in English The child ________ I babysit lives next door. The person ________ is texting me right now has no idea I’m in school and must focus on this challenging lesson. ;-) The lady ________ lives next door always calls her cat every evening ad nauseam. The people ___________ I most admire are my parents. My friend, ________ you see in this picture, lives in Texas. WHOM WHO WHO WHOM WHOM

12. The Relative Pronoun VidireginamquaeBritanniamregit. I saw the queen who rules Britain. Puercuiuslibrumhabeoest amicus noster. The boy whose book I have is our friend. Virumcuilibrumdedividisti. You saw the man to whom I gave the book. Oppidumquodviditeratparvum. The town that he saw was small. Inimicierantviriquibuscumpugnabatis. The enemies were the men with whom you were fighting.