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Breast Milk Composition

Breast Milk Composition. Carbohydrate Lactose is primary CHO in milk higher in breast milk vs cow’s milk Protein casein:lactalbumin (whey) impt. Human milk (40:60) cows milk (80:20) Amino Acids (Breast milk low in phenylalanine and methionine but high in taurine and cystine.

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Breast Milk Composition

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  1. Breast Milk Composition • Carbohydrate • Lactose is primary CHO in milk • higher in breast milk vs cow’s milk • Protein • casein:lactalbumin (whey) impt. • Human milk (40:60) • cows milk (80:20) • Amino Acids • (Breast milk low in phenylalanine and methionine but high in taurine and cystine

  2. Breast Milk Composition (cont.) • Protein (cont.) • Total protein 0.7 - 0.9 g/100 ml breast milk vs 3.5g/ 100 ml in cow’s milk • Fats • higher in breast milk overall. Specifically in breast milk has more: • cholesterol (CNS myelin sheaths; enzymes) • linoleic acid (essential fatty acid) • carnitine (impt. for fat metabolism) • lipases (enzyme for digestion of fats)

  3. Breast Milk Composition (cont.) • Minerals • Generally lower in breast milk • 6x more P; 4x more Ca and 3x more total ash in cow’s milk (higher renal solute load than breast milk). • However, bioavailability of some minerals higher in breast milk [e.g. Fe (5x higher absorption than cow’s milk), Zinc] Fe is however low in milk and infant needs alternative source after 6 months

  4. Breast Milk Composition (cont.) • Vitamins • variable in breast milk depending on diet and drug use • Vitamin E higher in breast milk than cow’s milk and Vitamin K low in both • RDA for most vitamins greater during lactation than pregnancy except Vit. D & B12 (same); & B6 & Folate (lower)

  5. Breast Milk Composition (cont.) • Anti-Infectious Factors • Bifidus factor, lactobifidus, kills enteropathogenic organisms by the production of lactic and acetic acids • IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD, IgG - bacteria & virus • Lactoferrin (binds iron which bacteria need) • Lysozyme & Lactoperoxidase (bacteria) • Interferon (inhibits viral replication)

  6. Types of Formulas • Home Prepared - evaporated milk • heat, dilute 13 oz can with 18 oz water, add source of kcal e.g. corn syrup, add vitamin C and D (1:2 milk:water) • Commercial (powder or ready mixed) • cow’s milk based • Soy based • special modified Three major producers - Ross, Mead Johnson & Nestle

  7. Lactation (The Baby) • Benefits • Nutritionally superior • Bacteriologically safe • Anti-infectious agents (Bifidus factor, lactobifidus (GIT infection); lactoferrin (iron absorption), immunoglobulins • least allergenic • SIDS reduced • protects against some chronic diseases e.g. obesity • good jaw and tooth development

  8. Lactation (The Baby) • Basic Nutritional Principles for feeding infants • overall goal to produce well- not over-nourished baby using pleasurable realistic strategy for diet which is • Diet adequate, but not excessive • Conducive to sound eating habit dev. • Readily digestible • Have reasonable distribution of calories from C,P, F • Considered within total ecological context

  9. Lactation (The Baby - cont.) • Problems (Poor intake) • poor suck • infrequent feeds • craniofacial abnormalities • parental problems • new nervous parent • physician lack of nutritional info. • Extensive somewhat confusing published info. • Conflicting sources of info.

  10. Lactation (The Baby - cont.) • Medical Problems • colic (20-30% incidence). Cause still unknown ?? Cow’s milk, Iron, gas, parental Treatment with diet, feeding position, sucking period, no alcohol, reassurance • preterm - higher PVM & Kcal . Similac Special Care (Ross) • Biliary atresia - defective bile duct. No bile acids. Fat malabsorption. Treat with Portagen (Ross). 87% Medium Chain Triglycerides

  11. Lactation (The Baby - cont.) • Medical problems (cont.) • Celiac disease - gluten sensitivity. Pregestimil. No gluten and CHO source is dextrose • Disaccharidase deficiency - Pregestimil • Phenylketonuria - cannot digest or utilize phenylalanine. Lofenalac • Diarrhea - Pedialyte, Infalyte • Protein allergy including soy protein- Nutramigen

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