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Skeletal System

Skeletal System. Chapter 7:4. Objectives. After completing this unit of study, you should be able to: Explain the structure of the bones. Analyze the function of the skeletal system. Discuss characteristics and treatment of common skeletal disorders. The Skeletal System.

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System Chapter 7:4

  2. Objectives • After completing this unit of study, you should be able to: • Explain the structure of the bones. • Analyze the function of the skeletal system. • Discuss characteristics and treatment of common skeletal disorders.

  3. The Skeletal System • Made of organs called BONES. • Adult human has 206 bones. • Bones are living tissue, like muscle and skin, therefore they have a rich blood supply which provides oxygen and nutrients (food) • Bones are rigid and are able to grow—bone growth is complete by the late teens • Bones vary in shape and size depending on their locations within the body.

  4. Bones • Bones consists of osteocytes • Microscopic mature bone cell • Bones are made up of : • 35% organic material • 65% inorganic material (mineral salts, water)

  5. Bones • Organic Part • Derived from bone collagen • Gives the bone a certain degree of flexibility • When pressure is applied, prevents bone damage

  6. Bones • Inorganic Part • Made from mineral salts • Calcium phosphate • Calcium carbonate • Calcium fluoride • Magnesium phosphate • Sodium oxide • Sodium chloride • Give bone its hardness and durability • When pressure is applied, resists crushing under pressure

  7. Functions of the Skeletal System These bones work as a system to perform the following functions: • Framework/Support- the bones form a framework to support the body’s muscles, fat, and skin • Protection- bones surround vital organs to protect them. Examples: Skull - surrounds and protects the brain; Spinal column - protects the spinal cord; and the Ribs- protect the heart and lungs. • Levers/Movement- muscles attach to bones to help provide movement. The bones act as levers which convert muscle action to movement.

  8. Functions Cont. 4. Production of blood cells- bones help produce red and white blood cells and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis. 5. Storage- bones store most of the calcium supply of the bodyin addition to phosphorus and fats.

  9. Parts of Long Bones • Long bones are bones of extremities (arms and legs) • Diaphysis: long shaft • Epiphysis: two extremities or ends • Medullary Canal • Cavity in diaphysis • Filled with yellow marrow • Yellow marrow • Inside medullary canal • Mainly a storage area for fat cells • Also contains cells that form leukocytes, or white blood cells

  10. Parts of Long Bones cont. • Endosteum • Membrane that lines medullary canal • Keeps yellow marrow intact • Produces some bone growth • Red Marrow • Found in certain bones such as vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, and proximal ends of humerus and femur • Produces red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells • Important in the manufacture of blood and body’s immune response

  11. Parts of Long Bones cont. • Periosteum • Tough membrane covering outside of bones • Contains blood and lymph vessels • Contains osteoblasts: special cells that form new bone tissue • Necessary for bone growth, repair, and nutrition • Articular cartilage • Thin layer covers the epiphysis • Acts as a shock absorber when two bones meet to form a joint

  12. Long Bone

  13. Gender Differences • Men’s bones tend to be larger and heavier • Women’s pelvic cavity is wider to accommodate childbirth

  14. Two Sections of Skeleton • Axial Skeleton • Forms main trunk of body • Skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum • Appendicular Skeleton • Forms extremities • Shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones

  15. SKULL

  16. Skull • Composed of cranial and facial bones • Cranium • Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain • Made of 8 bones • Frontal • Two Parietal • Two Temporal • Occipital • Ethmoid • Sphenoid • At birth, the cranium is not solid • Fontanels- “soft spots” allow for enlargement of the skull

  17. Skull cont. • Facial Bones • Fourteen facial bones • Main bones • Mandible: lower jaw • Maxilla: two bones forming upper jaw • Zygomatic: two cheek bones • Nasal: five bones in upper part of nose • Lacrimal: two bones at inner aspect of eyes • Palatine: two bones of hard palate or roof of mouth

  18. Skull Cont. • Sutures: areas where cranial bones have joined together • Sinuses • Air spaces in the bones of the skull • Provide strength with less weight • Act as resonating chambers for the voice • Line with mucous membrane • Foramina • Openings in bones • Allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave bone

  19. Vertebrae VERTEBRAE

  20. Vertebrae • Spinal column composed of 26 bones called vertebrae • Protect the spinal cord • Provide support for head and trunk • Main Sections • Cervical: 7 neck vertebrae • Thoracic: 12 vertebrae in back of chest (connect to ribs) • Lumbar: 5 vertebrae by waist • Sacrum: 1 large vertebrae on back of pelvic girdle • Coccyx: 1 fused vertebrae (Tailbone)

  21. Vertebrae cont. • Intervertebral disks • Pads of cartilage tissue that separate vertebrae • Acts as shock absorbers • Permit bending and twisting movements of vertebral column

  22. RIBS

  23. Ribs (Costae) • 12 pairs of long, slender bones • Attach to thoracic vertebrae on dorsal surface of body • Protect lungs and heart • True Ribs • 1st seven pair of ribs • Attach directly to sternum on front of the body • False Ribs • Next 5 pair of ribs • 1st 3 pair attach to cartilage of rib above • Floating Ribs • Last 2 pair of false ribs • No attachment on front of body

  24. STERNUM

  25. Sternum • Breastbone • Consists of three parts • Manubrium: upper part • Gladiolus: body or center area • Xiphoid process: small piece of cartilage at bottom • Two clavicles attach to the manubrium by ligaments • Ribs attach to sternum with costal cartilages to form a cage that protects the heart and lungs

  26. SHOULDER/PECTORAL GIRDLE

  27. Shoulder Girdle • Two clavicles (collarbones) • Two scapulas (shoulder bone) • Scapula provides attachment of upper arm bone

  28. BONES OF THE ARM

  29. Bones of the Arm • Humerus: upper arm bone • Radius: lower arm bone on thumb side that rotates around ulna to allow the hand to turn freely • Ulna: larger bone of lower arm that contains a projection called the olecranon process at upper end, forming elbow • Carpals: 8 wrist bones on each hand • Metacarpals: 5 bones on each hand to form palm • Phalanges: • 14 bones on each hand to form a thumb and fingers • 3 on each finger • 2 on each thumb

  30. Pelvic Girdle

  31. Pelvic Girdle • Made of 2 os coxae (coxal or hip bones) • Join with sacrum on dorsal part of body • Join together at a joint called the symphysis pubis on ventral part of body • Each os coxa make of 3 bones that are fused or joined • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis • Contains two recessed sockets called acetabulums that provide attachment of smooth rounded head of the femur • Obturator foramen • Opening between ischium and pubis to allow for passage of nerves and blood vessels

  32. BONES OF THE LEGS

  33. Bones of the Legs • Femur: thigh bone • Patella: kneecap • Tibia: larger weight bearing bone of lower leg commonly called the shin bone, medial surface • Fibula: slender small bone of the lower leg that attaches to the proximal end of the tibia, lateral surface • Tarsals: 7 bones of ankles, calcaneous is heel bone • Metatarsals: 5 bones forming instep of foot • Phalanges: • 14 bones on each foot • Form the toes • 2 on each great toe • 3 on each other toes

  34. Joints • Areas where two or more bones join together • Ligaments (bands of connective tissue) help hold bones together at joints • Three main types of joints • Diarthrosis (synovial): freely movable • Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable • Synarthrosis: immovable

  35. Diarthrosis • Ball-and-socket joints (shoulder and hip) • Hinge joints • (elbow and knee)

  36. Synarthrosis • Suture joints of cranium

  37. Skeletal System Diseases & Abnormal Conditions

  38. Arthritis • Group of diseases • Inflammation of the joints • Osteoarthritis • Most common • Chronic disease; result of aging • Rheumatoid arthritis • Chronic inflammatory disease • 3x more common in women • Permanent deformity & immobility

  39. Arthritis Treatment • Treat Early • Rest • Anti-inflammatory medications • Steroids • Surgery – with severe joint damage

  40. Bursitis • Inflammation of bursae • Small, fluid filled sacs surrounding the joints • Symptoms: • Severe pain • Limited movement • Fluid accumulation in joint • Treatment • Pain medication • Steroid injections • Rest • Aspirating the joint • Physical therapy

  41. Fractures • “broken bone” • Types of Fractures • Simple fracture • Compound fracture • Greenstick fracture • Comminuted fracture • Impacted fracture • Spiral fracture • Depressed fracture • Colles fracture

  42. Simple Fracture • A break in the bone that may be complete or incomplete, but does not break through the skin • Aka: Closed Fracture

  43. Simple Fracture

  44. Simple Fracture

  45. Simple Fracture

  46. Compound Fracture • A complete break in the bone where the bone ends separate and break through the skin • Aka: Open Fracture

  47. Compound Fracture

  48. Compound Fracture

  49. Compound Fracture

  50. Compound Fracture

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