Part 1

1. Pre-1840 Maori/Pakeha Relations Part 1

2. Summary of Influences • Pakeha attitudes of superiority • Marked difference between societies and cultures • Based on economics: exchange, trade and exploitation • Maori choices about interaction and relationship with Pakeha were important • Increasing European presence after 1830s

3. Basic Race Relations • Two Views • 1. Eurocentric: Europeans considered other races inferior, • 2. Balanced: Modern view that mutual understanding may be limited, hence mutual influence and learning from each other.

4. First Culture Contact • James Cook 1769-1777 – barter and exchange • Both tried force at times but that worked against trade • Early visits were irregular • Which led to competition amongst Maori for European goods.

5. Regular contact • Early Pakeha escaped convicts and runaway sailors • Sudney entrepreneurs and traders • More frequent after 1800 – whalers & sealers & timber • Maori visited Sydney after 1805 • Missionaries and trade after 1814

6. Intentions • Maori willing to adopt and adapt • Maori attitudes depended on intentions of vistors • Direct interaction on ships or going overseas – sudden change • Indirect interaction by Maori or Maori-Pakeha which led to more controlled change and easier to cope with.

7. Trade • Maori Food, women, labour, artifacts, knowledge, NZ travel, protection,timber, flax, land. • Europeans Metal, muskets, boats, overseas travel, new crops, clothing, alcohol, tobaccao,literacy, religion

8. Choice and Negotiation • Interaction and change involved Choice and Negotiation • Maori:- because of strength and self-confidence in their culture • European:- assumptions of superiority and profit motive

9. Dominance : 1800-1840 • European visitors and Pakeha assumed dominance of their own culture • In practice Maori dominant up until 1840s - outnumbered Pakeha until 1850s • Desire for dominance led to conflict • Desire for trade controlled agression on both sides

10. Types of Conflict • Maori travellers often ill-treated on ships - saw British culture • Early European travellers and sojourners - Sealers - whalers - traders - Pakeha Maori - Maori women/wives

11. Mana • Europeans seen as good for mana - derived from presence of Europeans - Maori control over Europeans - Access to Europeans’ trade goods

12. Muskets • 1810 Maori scrambled for muskets from Europeans • Musket wars spread in 1820s-30s • Caused Maori migration to avoid attack • Greater destruction than traditional weapons • Musket did not respect rank • Traditional weapons still used dense bush and hand-to-hand fighting

13. Hongi Hika • Nga Puhi • Defeat of Nga Puhi by Ngati Whaua in 1810 gave Hongi Hika desire for utu • Sought European contact from 1814 • First major leader to use muskets • Used slaves to cultivate potatos to trade for muskets • 1820 traded gifts from England for muskets in Sydney • 1821-23 led many campaigns until death in 1828

14. Te Rauparaha • Ngati Toa and Ngati Raukawa Decent • Outstanding leader of his people • Threatened by Waikato tribes in late 18th-early 19th C • Ventured from Hauraki Gulf to Taranaki and Cook Strait. • By 1819 was using muskets • In 1820 under pressure from Waikato, left migration to Taranaki and then Kapiti.

15. Te Rauparaha cont’d • Set up base in Kapiti • Used slavs to build flax plantations and traded with Europeans for muskets • Abt. 1827 began series of raids on South Island to gain Pounamu • 1830s consolidated hold on central North Island, southern North Island and northern South Island

16. New Balance of Power • Eventually all tribes had muskets • By 1830s new balance of tribal power based on muskets rather than traditional weapons • Conflict continued through 1830s but • Destruction less than during 1820s

17. References • Based on Graham Langton, (2005) Pre-1840 Maori/Pakeha Relations in Year 13 – New Zealand in the 19th Century. Auckland: ESA Publications. pp.43-54