Change in East Asia

1. Change in East Asia Chapter 15, sections 1-3

2. Change in East Asia Outline • Decline of the Qing Dynasty • Reasons for decline • Imperialism reaches China • Revolution in China • Civil war • Chinese society • Rise of Modern Japan • End to isolationism • Meiji Japan • Imperialism reaches Japan

3. Decline of the Qing Dynasty • Remember? • Qing take over after Ming • Kangxi most famous ruler • Originally allowed Europeans, but banned them after fallout with missionaries • Europeans still interested in trade with China • Qing dynasty begins to fall due to external and internal factors

4. External Factor – The Opium War • British are importing more than exporting • Losing $$$ • Begin to offer opium grown in India to Chinese • Highly addictive drug, makes $$$ for British • After British refuse to quit selling drug, Chinese begin searches of all goods coming through ports • Upset British begin war in 1839 • War ends when British sail up Yangtze River, Qing make peace • Treaty of Nanjing (1842) is signed • Opens 5 ports for British instead of 1 • Limits taxes for British goods • Chinese pay for war damages • At port, Europeans followed their own laws…practice called extraterritoriality

5. Internal Factor – Tai Ping Rebellion • Economic issues lead to this peasant rebellion • Led by Hong Xiuquan, who believed he was a brother of Jesus Christ • People were to give up private possessions, people were viewed as equals, everything was to be shared • 1853 – Rebels killed 25,000 men, women, and children in Nanjing • 1864 – With help from Europeans, Qing took back Nanjing and ended rebellion • 20 million died over 14 year period of war

6. Qing Reform • In order to fight rebels, Qing relied on local warlords that taxed their people to raise armies • After rebellion ends, they still hold power • Warlords demand Qing begin practice of self strengthening • Adopting Western technology while maintaining Confucian values • China becomes more open to European ideas, while still holding traditional values

7. Advancing Imperialism and the Open Door • Struggle with foreign powers • Treaty of Tianjin (1858) Chinese legalize opium, opened more ports, gave land to Britain • Treaty forced by Britain and France, Britain would seize Beijing in 1860 • Spheres of influence, or areas where imperial powers had exclusive trading rights, existed throughout China • Struggle from within • Emperor GuangXustarted a movement known as the One Hundred Days of Reform • Implemented Western government, educational ideas • Many conservatives did not want change, stopped movement • GuangXu’s aunt and the imperial army imprisoned him to end efforts

8. Open Door Policy • Qing Dynasty continues to weaken • Britain and U.S. afraid of other nations taking over China • 1899 – John Hay, US Secretary of State under William McKinley, suggests Open Door Policy • Equal access to Chinese market for all nations • Spheres of influence diminished, but still exist

9. Boxer Rebellion • Boxers were members of the Society of Harmonious Fists • Upset with Imperialists in China • Slogan was “destroy the foreigner” • Gangs killed missionaries, Chinese Christians, and any foreigners they crossed • In response, 20,000 troops attacked in August 1900 • British, French, Russian, German, Japanese, and American troops • Chinese forced to pay for all damages to powers that crushed Boxers • Known as an indemnity • Chinese now weaker than ever

10. “Change” in China… • Change? • Nationwide education systems set up • Provincial, or local, elections held for legislative and national assemblies • Still, assemblies could only advise rulers • Nothing really done for peasants • Sun Yat-sen & Revolution • Wanted Qing out • 1905 – In Tokyo, found like-minded Chinese and formed the Revolutionary Alliance • Sun said China could be claimed through (1) A military takeover, (2) Preparation for democracy, & (3) A constitutional democracy • Revolutionary Alliance became the Nationalist Party calling for nationalism, democracy, and the right for people to pursue their own livelihood

11. Chinese Civil War • Revolution of 1911 • 1908 – GuangXu and aunt Empress Dowager Ci Xi die, Henry Pu Yi takes throne • 1911 – Sun Yat-sen’s followers launch attack • Revolutionary Alliance takes China, supported by Western powers • China in Chaos • General Yuan Shigaitakes over • Military leader that had led revolution • Yuan cut down on democratic organizations, tried to re-create imperial dynasty • China continued down a path of war even after Yuan’s death

12. Chinese Society • Society • Westerners in China meant changes • Introduced new transportation and communication • Created an export market • Pushed Chinese market into the world economy • All pushed for commodities, or marketable products from China • Culture • Western books, paintings, music, and ideas were introduced • Cities saw Europeanized changes while rural areas remained traditional

13. Japan and Isolationism • Ending Isolation • Western powers approached Japan hoping for trade • US first to succeed • Matthew Perry and a fleet of warships arrived, left a letter requesting trade from President Millard Fillmore • Also asked for shipwrecked Americans held prisoner • Treaty of Kanagawa (1850s) • Japanese say yes to both • Japanese feel US military superiority warrants concessions, or political compromises • Resisting the New Order • Many upset with foreign relations decision • 1863 – Sat-Cho alliance forms, ended Western relations in Japan • 1868 – Sat-Cho forced shogun to resign, declared all power returned to emperor

14. Meiji Restoration • The Restoration • Emperor Mutsuhito became symbol of new Sat-Cho era • Called the era Meiji, or “enlightened rule” • New Politics • Stripped Daimyo of land, made them governors of the prefectures, or territories • Japanese studied political systems of Western nations • Two parties began to emerge • Liberals – Wanted a parliament to hold authority • Progressives – Wanted executive/legislative branches • Progressives won, and emperor lost power to prime minister • Upper and lower houses, with both having elected officials and the upper also having appointed officials

15. Meiji Society • Economics • Farmers taxed $$$ instead of % of crops • $$$ raised put towards industry • Social Structure • Military – All men served for 3 years • Education – Followed American system of elementary, secondary, and universities • Daily Life • Women could be educated • Western culture began to influence younger generation • Workers had little rights

16. Imperialist Japan • Expansion • Took land in China and Korea • War with Russia • Land disputes in Korea led to war • 1904 – Japanese attack Russians • Surprises Russians • Russians brought navy around South Africa to Japan • 1905 – Russians surrender to Japan • American Relations • Rocky relations, US fears Japanese influence in East Asia • 1905 – Recognize Japan’s control of Korea in return for US control of Philippines • 1907 – Teddy Roosevelt restricts Japanese immigration to US, creating tension • 1910 – Japan annexes Korea

17. Exit Slip • What was the Open Door Policy? • Explain the cause of the Boxer Rebellion. • What kinds of changes did General Yuan Shigai make when he became emperor of China?