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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. Population, Urbanization, and Environment. Demography. The study of human population Fertility Mortality Migration. Fertility. The incidence of childbearing in a society’s population

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 Population, Urbanization, and Environment

  2. Demography • The study of human population • Fertility • Mortality • Migration

  3. Fertility • The incidence of childbearing in a society’s population • Crude birth rate – the number of live births in a given year for every thousand people in a population

  4. Mortality • The incidence of death in a society’s population • Crude death rate – the number of deaths in a given year for every thousand people in a population • Infant mortality rate – number of deaths among infants under 1 year of age for every thousand live births in a given year • Life expectancy – the average life span of a society’s population

  5. Migration • The movement of people into and out of a specified territory • Immigration – movement into a territory • Emigration – movement out of a territory • Net-migration – the difference between the immigration and emigration rate

  6. Population • Population growth – over 6 billion people on the planet • Zero population growth – level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady rate

  7. Malthusian Theory • Rapid population growth leads to social chaos • Population increases exponentially (1,2,4,8,16, etc) while food increases arithmetically (1,2,3,4), leading to catastrophic starvation • Why not? • Industrial revolution • Agricultural technology

  8. Demographic Transition • Population patterns reflect a society’s level of technological development • Stage 1 – pre-industrial – high birth, high death • Stage 2 – onset of industrial – high birth, lower death • Stage 3 – industrial – declining birth, low death • Stage 4 – postindustrial – low birth, steady death

  9. Urbanization • The concentration of humanity into cities • Gemeinschaft – type of social organization by which people are bound closely together by kinship and tradition • Gesellschaft – type of social organization by which people have weak social ties and considerable self-interest

  10. Ecology • The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment • Natural environment – consists of the earth’s surface and atmosphere, including various living organisms and their natural environment • Ecosystem – the system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment

  11. Environment Deficit and Concerns • Profound and negative harm to the natural environment, caused by humanity’s focus on short-term material affluence • Concerns • Water supply, water pollution, air pollution, rainforests, etc.

  12. Environmental Racism • Pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people, especially minorities

  13. Ecologically Sustainable Culture • A way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations • Control population growth • Conserve finite resources • Reduce waste

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