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Considerable public anxiety

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Considerable public anxiety

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  1. The risks of going online:What are children and young people really up to?Sonia LivingstoneProfessor of Social Psychology, Department of Media and CommunicationsLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceProject director, UK Children Go Online and EU Kids OnlineBoard Member, Internet Watch FoundationMember, Home Secretary’s Task Force for Child Protection on the Internets.livingstone@lse.ac.uk Sonia Livingstone, Presentation to the London Grid for Learning E-Safety Conference, 20th April 2007

  2. Rapid diffusion Fear of the new Scary press coverage Difficult to regulate Technology changing fast Children are the experts Parents most concerned Even children worried Serious efforts being made ______________________________________________________________________ Considerable public anxiety Sonia Livingstone, Presentation to the London Grid for Learning E-Safety Conference, 20th April 2007

  3. Policy UK policy to get everyone online Schools online (digital curriculum, etc) Competitive, skilled labour force (UK plc) European Information Society (Lisbon agenda) ______________________________________________________________ Access 75% of 9-19 year olds have internet access at home (ahead of adults) 92% have internet access at school (and few have no access at all) 84% use the internet at least weekly (use habitual, frequent, multi-sited) Younger children also users (37% 5-6 yrs, 64% 7-8, ChildWise 2005-6) 13% 12-15 yr olds (& 3% 8-11 yrs) have access in bedroom (Ofcom 2006) ______________________________________________________________ Yet we race to go online Sonia Livingstone, Presentation to the London Grid for Learning E-Safety Conference, 20th April 2007

  4. Opportunities and dangers • Access to global information • Educational resources • Entertainment, games and fun • User-generated content production • Civic or political participation • Privacy for expression of identity • Community involvement/activism • Technological expertise and literacy • Career advancement or employment • Personal/health/sexual advice • Specialist groups and fan forums • Networking and new friendships • Share experiences with distant others • Illegal content • Paedophiles, grooming, strangers • Extreme or sexual violence • Other harmful or offensive content • Racist/hate material/activities • Commercial exploitation • Biased or mis-information • Exploitation of personal information • Online-bullying, stalking, harassment • Gambling, financial scams • Self-harm (suicide, anorexia, etc) • Invasions/abuse of privacy • Illegal activities (hacking, terrorism) Sonia Livingstone, Presentation to the London Grid for Learning E-Safety Conference, 20th April 2007

  5. Part of everyday life Increasingly a daily activity First port of call for homework Draw is online communication Myspace 5.2 million UK users, Bebo 2.7 million 2006 USA survey of 1487 8-18 yrs) 13-18 yrs: average number of ‘friends’ (SNS) = 75; of IM buddies = 52, mobile contacts = 38) ______________________________________________________________ Research Not enough research; difficult to research; but there is some … ______________________________________________________________ What do we know? Sonia Livingstone, Presentation to the London Grid for Learning E-Safety Conference, 20th April 2007

  6. Incidence of risks

  7. Eurobarometer (2005-6) 18% European parents/carers believe their child (<18) has encountered harmful or illegal content on the internet (more for teens than children) ______________________________________________________________ Ofcom (Media Literacy Audit of Children, 2006, UK) 16% 8-15 yr olds have come across ‘nasty, worrying or frightening’ 31% 12-15s make checks on new websites (more if taught at school) 67% 12-15s trust most of what they find online (just less than TV news) ______________________________________________________________ UK Children Go Online (9-19 yr olds, 2004) 57% internet users have seen porn online, via pop-ups (38%), junk mail (25%), email from contact (9%); 10% had visited porn sites on purpose Over half ‘not bothered’ by porn, one fifth ‘disgusted’ ______________________________________________________________ Findings – content risks

  8. UCLA Digital Futures Survey (2003, USA) 12% 12-19 yrs seek porn online on purpose ______________________________________________________________ SAFT (2003, Europe) Quarter to third of 9-16 yr olds had accidentally seen violent, offensive, sexual or pornographic content online _____________________________________________________________ Flood and Hamilton (2003, Australian survey of 16-17 yrs) 38% boys, 2% girls have searched for sex sites; 60% girls and 84% boys found explicit sex sites accidentally ______________________________________________________________ ??? Little known about type/level of porn viewed, or about incidence of other problematic content (self-harm, race hate, etc) _____________________________________________________________ Findings – content risks Sonia Livingstone, Presentation to the London Grid for Learning E-Safety Conference, 20th April 2007

  9. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (1501 10-17 yrs, USA 2000) 1 in 5 received sexual solicitation online in past year 1 in 33 receive aggressive sexual solicitation 1 in 17 was threatened/harassed Few reported incidents or told parents 19% were involved in online aggression Depressed teens more likely to receive unwanted sexual solicitations and to be emotionally distressed by such incidents __________________________________________________________________ Online Victimization of Youth (2006, update on above, N=1500) Increased exposure to sexual material (34% vs 25%) and online harassment (9% vs 6%), less unwanted sexual solicitations (13% vs 19%) 4% had been asked for nude/sexually explicit photos of themselves Those who were distressed increased (9% vs 6%) Unwanted solicitations increasingly from acquaintances not strangers __________________________________________________________________ Findings – contact risks

  10. Webwise 2006 (9-16 yrs, N=848, Ireland/SAFT) 27% met someone new online who asked for their photo/phone/etc 26% had visited hateful sites (mostly boys) 35% had visited pornographic sites 23% had received unwanted sexual comments online (more boys) 19% of chatters were harassed/bothered/upset/threatened online 7% met online contact offline ___________________________________________________________ CEOP (2006, discussions 10-16 yrs, UK) Social networking experiences include verbal abuse, unwanted sexual advances, unwanted/problematic info, impersonation of identity; Teens unclear about security of info they post, they often feel pressurised into uploading info by others; Parents often ignorant of children’s activities ______________________________________________________________ Findings – contact risks

  11. Remco Pijpers Foundation (2006, N=10,900 teens<18 yrs, Holland) 30-40% has social networking profile 82% boys/ 73% girls flirted online in past 6 months 1 in 4 boys/ 1 in 5 girls had cybersexual experiences 72% boys/ 83% girls received sexual questions 40% boys/ 57% girls asked to undress on webcam; 1:3 boys/ 1:10 girls did 47% girls received unwanted request for sexual act on webcam; 2% did 62% girls/ 13% boys dislike receiving sexual questions online 35% girls/ 12% boys claim a negative experience 9% girls/ 3% boys posted sexual photos and regretted it Most aware of ‘paedophiles’ but unclear about boundaries among teens ______________________________________________________________ Findings – contact risks

  12. The National Bullying Survey (2006, UK, N=4772) 69% pupils were bullied in past year (half of those were physically hurt) 7% said received unpleasant or bullying emails/IM/text messages _______________________________________________________________ MSN Cyberbullying Report (2006, UK, N=516) 11% 12-15 yrs cyberbullied (18% girls, 7% boys), 74% told no-one 62% know someone who’s been bullied online 1 in 20 admit to bullying someone else online ______________________________________________________________ NCH Mobile Bullying Survey (2005, UK, N=770) 20% 11-19 yr olds had been bullied via text/internet/email (73% knew the person, 26% by a stranger) 10% had a photo taken of them that made them feel uncomfortable, embarrassed or threatened (17% said it was sent to others) Who did they tell? 28% no-one, 41% friend, 24% parent, 14% teacher 11% said they’d sent a bullying or threatening message to someone _______________________________________________________________ Findings – online bullying

  13. Post pictures that reveal identity/location (sports team, school, etc) Post sexually provocative/indecent images (via mobile or webcam) Circulate messages to ‘friends of friends’ whose identity is unclear Take/circulate hostile or bullying content about peers Make personal profile info public (or, misunderstand what’s public) Trick others into silly/embarrassing/indecent acts on webcam Peer-to-peer encouragement of suicide, anorexia, drug-taking, self-harm Copy private messages to all contacts Seek new contacts, ever more ‘friends’ Express insecurities and fantasies in blogs Choose sexual nicknames (e.g. lolita) Push boundaries, experiment with identity _____________________________________________________________ Challenges: teens’ risky practices

  14. Who communicates more online? Older, girls, frequent users, skilled users, sensation-seeking, those who value anonymous online communication _________________________________________________________ Who more likely to have made an online friend? Frequent/skilled users, dissatisfied with own life, more confident online than offline, value anonymity online, more authoritarian parents _________________________________________________________ Who is more likely to meet an online friend offline? Older, new to the internet, skilled, not shy, sensation-seeking, dissatisfied, more confident online than offline, value anonymity online, more authoritarian parents _________________________________________________________ Who is more likely to have sought personal advice online? Older, infrequent users, skilled users, dissatisfied, value anonymity online ___________________________________________________________ Who is more likely to have given out personal information online? Older, frequent and skilled users, sensation-seeking, dissatisfied, value anonymity online, more authoritarian parents Challenges: vulnerable teens

  15. Risks and opportunities linked The more teens take up online benefits, the more risks they encounter Like riding a bike, more skill means more, not less, risk Actions to reduce risk by restricting behaviour also reduce opportunities ______________________________________________________________ Balancing children’s protection against children’s rights Teens value their privacy online and seek to protect it They avoid telling parents of bad experiences for fear of restrictions They need private means of communication if threat within family Games families play – parental rules make for children’s evasive tactics _____________________________________________________________ Parental regulation not (yet) shown to be effective Parents face range of challenges (expertise, privacy, democratic role) Parents implement informal regulation (share, discuss, restrict) But no demonstrable link to their children’s online risks Except banning most interactive activities restricts use (risks + benefits) Challenges: parents’ role

  16. UKCGO 2004 survey of 9-19 yr olds: 30% no lessons on internet use, 23% ‘a lot’, 28% ‘some’, 19% ‘just 1 or 2’ 69% taught to search (but 41% only look at top 10; 37% compare sites) Younger and older had less guidance on safety, search, reliability Only 33% told how to judge the reliability of online information Few pupils would tell a teacher if uncomfortable with online experience ______________________________________________________________ Safety awareness: Parents prefer to get safety info from schools Optimism re internet literacy How much is enough? Gap between awareness and behaviour Hardest to reach those who most need it Don’t rely on parents Towards joined-up, multi-stakeholder solutions Challenges: schools’ role

  17. Conclusions • Is the glass half full or half empty? • We live in a ‘risk society’, and young people are in the vanguard • Challenge to minimise risks while maximising opportunities • Policy favours the individualisation of risk • Multi-stakeholder efforts ongoing to raise awareness and reduce risk • Schools have a vital role to play in fostering internet literacy • More research needed to update knowledge and target interventions

  18. Sonia Livingstones.livingstone@lse.ac.ukFor more, seewww.children-go-online.netwww.eukidsonline.net Thank you Sonia Livingstone, Presentation to the London Grid for Learning E-Safety Conference, 20th April 2007

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