By CHUNG Fong Ting MAK Sue Ann

1. Research Question: Will the role/importance of Chinese Immigrants in enhancing US-China relations increase or decrease in the future?研究題目: 中國移民的角色與重要性能促進或減弱將來的中美關係嗎? By CHUNG Fong Ting MAK Sue Ann

2. INTRODUCTION 簡介 • unforeseeable future of US-China relations 不可預知的中美關係前景 • Chinese Immigrants 中國移民 • first generation of Chinese immigrants to the US and American born Chinese 第一代中國人移民到美國及在美國土生土長的中國人

3. How can they affect the bilateral ties? 中國移民如何影響中美雙邊關係 • Can Chinese Immigrants play a role to lessen a possible rupture of relations? 中國移民能否減輕中美關係之間的磨擦

4. 1. Examine political roles & non-governmental/non-political roles 剖析政治角色, 非政府/政治角色 2. Some opposing forces and barriers 反對力量及障礙 3. Predict the possible transformation in their roles 預測其角色變化

5. Discussion 討論- General picture 概述 “Historical, demographical and attitudinal” factors determine the Chinese American political “silence”. 歷史, 人口學, 態度上的因素引致中國移民的政治靜默

6. 1. Historically歷史因素 • racism and exclusionism, minority group 種族歧視及排擠 • political participation after World War 2 and the Cold War 二次大戰及冷戰後的政治參與情況 • Number of immigrants increased 移民數目上升 • We can expect this number to continue increasing 移民數目將繼續上升 2. Demographically 人口學因素 • quality and quantity of Chinese increase- more participation 中國移民質量及數量均上升 – 更多政治參與

7. 3. Attitudinal Factor 態度上的因素 • Attitudinal factor brought up refers to one’s attitude towards the government and its policies. 對政府與政制的態度 4. Other barriers 其他障礙 • language barriers (for first generation immigrants), 語言障礙 (尤指第一代中國移民) • anti-Asian violence and discrimination, 反華暴力, 華人歧視 • lack of political participation and representation, 缺乏政治參與感及政治代表 • lack of group identity and lack of consensus on issues. 缺乏團體認知及對事物的交流與輿論

8. Discussion 討論- political participation 政治參與 • Non electoral activities like lobbying, litigation and protests have not proven to be very effective 非選舉性活動包括:遊說團, 訴訟, 抗議 - 沒有效用 • Electoral politics- more effective 選舉性活動 – 比較有效

9. Statistics have shown that political participation had increased in general in all areas for Chinese Americans 統計顯示所有中國移民地區的政治參與都有增長 • But not as yet been able to present themselves as a formidable, unified force in the American political arena 但未能於美國的政治舞台上表逹其威力及團結力量 • effective and direct way for a minority group to further its collective interests 對弱勢社群來說較為有效及直接的方法以爭取集體利益 • run for public office or become politically appointed officials 為公共政府機關運作或成為被委任的官員 • as latest statistics show that a record number of Asian Americans have been running for political office 最新統計數字顯示有一定數量的中國移民一直在辦政治機關

10. Gary Locke, ex-Governor of Washington 駱家輝 – 前華盛頓州長 • Elain L.Chao, appointed by Bush as Secretary of labour 趙小蘭 – 被布殊委任為勞工部部長

11. But still severely underrepresented in the national Congress 但在國會中仍只能代表極少數 • To sum, the Chinese involvement in the various political dimensions, one may say they have generally improved but with many barriers to struggle through 總括來說, 中國人於各方面政治參與上有改進但仍有很多障礙

12. Discussion 討論- Organizations 機構方面 • 80-20 Political Action Committee80-20亞裔美國人政治行動委員會 • alleviate the bloc voting problem 緩和團體投票問題 • achieved monumental importance for Asian Americans 於亞裔美國人非常重要 • but it has been labeled by some as pro-Democrat 但被某些支持民主黨人仕所標籤

13. Committee of-100百人會 • seeks to enhance US-China relations 尋求中美關係踴進 • surveys of people’s views on China 意見調查: 人們對中國的看法 • supporting Chinese Americans to play a bigger role in American society 支持中國移民在美國社會扮演更大的角色 • organizing cultural exchanges to improverelations 舉辦文化交流團以促進關係發展 • recognized by both governments of Greater China and the US 中國政府及美國政府均承認

14. Discussion討論- Characteristics found in successful Asian American political candidates成功亞裔美國人的特質 • second, third and later generation Americans 多為第二代, 第三代及較近代 • spoke with an American accent 有美國口音

15. absence of anti-immigrant sentiment in their communities 在所活動地區沒有反移民情緒 • prediction was also made that the rising breed of Asian American politicians will be of Chinese and Filipino descent 有預測顯示越來越多亞裔美國從政者為中國或菲律賓藉

16. elected from majority white districts leaves the Asian candidate not much choice but to serve the people in his district above his ethnic mates. 亞裔從政者於白人社區當選後多於沒有選擇的情況下服務該區人民, 而非其本身種族的人民

17. Nancy Yao in “From Apathy to Inquiry and Activism” • American born Chinese (ABCs) as important actors in US-China relations. 美國華僑於中美關係扮演著重要角色

18. interest in US-China relations is increasing with an increasing sense of pride to be of Chinese descent, business opportunities with China and more favourable sentiments regarding Chinese tradition 隨著中國人對於身為中國人的身份感到驕傲, 中國的貿易發展機會, 以及越來越多人對中國傳統的濃厚興趣, 中美關係受到很大的關注 • US soft power? 美國”軟權力”

19. Discussion 討論- non-governmental actors 非政務人仕 • Chinese American families 美藉華人家庭 • Haiming Liu calls them “Trans-Pacific Families” 廖海明稱其為越洋家庭 • family networks around the globe in addition to their economic power 全球家庭網及其經濟權力

20. new family pattern that transcends national boundaries as they travel back and forth across the Pacific, maintaining involvement in both societies for decades. 新家庭模式: 當他們在這幾十年間穿梭兩岸, 便超越了國際界限 • economic relations- provide the gateway for Americans and mainland Chinese who want to penetrate into each other’s market. 經貿關係: 提供門户讓有興趣的中美人仕可打進對方市場

21. capacity to influence relations on both sides 有影響雙方面的空間 • student immigrants and professional immigrants in the fields of science, technology and business 科技, 科學及商業方面的學生移民及專業移民

22. Even after this group of immigrants becomes naturalized US citizens, their deep roots in China tend to see their future connected to China. 即使這批移民成為了美國公民後仍視其將來與中國有重大關係 • many Chinese professionals who are sought by US businesses to head offices in China because of their knowledge and language ability 許多中國專業人才因其知識及語言能力被美國公司委派管理其中國辦事處

23. become non-governmental ambassadors through their fields 透過其專業領域成為非政務大使 • merged into mainstream politics 聯合成主流政策 • through increased trade between the two countries, China becomes more important to US businesses, which in turn form a kind of “China Lobby” 透過中美之間的貿易增長, 中國對美國商貿變得越來越重要, 從而形成了中國遊說團體

24. Racial Politics in an era of transnational citizenship” – Michael Chang “跨國藉公民年代的種族政策” • argues that transnational citizenship will have American elites view them as threats 跨國藉公民會被美國本土精英視為威脅. • mainstream ideology in the US 美國的理想主義

25. national disloyalty 民族性的不忠 • explains why Chinese Americans have not been directly involved in foreign policy making 解釋為何美藉華僑並未直接參與組織外國政策

26. Xiaojian Zhao • ethnic press 種族壓迫 • reflects the prevailing attitudes of Chinese Americans toward China related issues. 反映美藉華僑對中國有關問題的普遍態度 • Eg- Taiwan Issue 例如 – 台灣問題

27. Discussion- Opposing forces • Taiwan Lobby 台灣遊說團 • enhancing Taiwan’s security and promoting its international status 增強台灣的安全及宣傳其國際地位 • can lobby against too friendly policies for China 能針對對於中國太好的政策加以遊說

28. consists of a number of well-organized organizations like • the Formosan Association for Public Affairs (FAPA) 台灣人民公共事務會 • the Taiwanese Chamber of Commerce of North America (TCCNA) 北美洲台灣商會聯合總會 • the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO) 駐美台北經濟文化代表處 • zero/sum game 非勝即敗的遊戲

29. Falun Gong supporters 法輪功支持者 • Anti-communists 反共主義者 • Tibet and Xinjiang separatist 西藏及新疆分離主義者 • To sum, disunity among Chinese going to pose a threat to improvement in relations- no collective action 總括來說, 中國人的不團結將會為中美關係的改善帶來威脅

30. Findings 研究結果- Possibilities有關的可能性 • Most likely possibility 最具可能性的發展 • importance of Chinese Immigrants in the non-governmental sector will increase the fastest 美藉華僑在非政務部門的重要性快速地增長

31. less political, that makes it less susceptible to political attacks from the Taiwan or Tibet Lobby or those in America who have taken up the “China threat” view 較少政治性, 以致於較少被台灣遊說團,西藏遊說團或美國視中國為威脅的看法的人仕所影響 • Chang’s argument- political terms; which should not impact non-governmental actors. 張氏一書的論據均圍繞政治範圍, 應該不會對非政治團體有所影響 • ethnic press- exist in a liberal democratic regime 種族壓迫於開放民主的政制上存在

32. The second possibility 第二個最大的可能性 • one of two very prominent politicians will be of Chinese descent 兩個非常出色的政治人物當中會有一個是中國人種 • Gary Locke and Elaine Chao 駱家輝和趙小蘭的例子

33. The third possibility 第三個可能性 • increase of political influence and power at every level of the American hierarchy in the more distant future 在每一個美國階層裡的政治影響均上升 • depend largely on the extent to which the political problems can be overcome 視乎哪方面的政治問題能得到解決

34. All these will change with time. 所有均會隨著時間改變 • the number of immigrants coming into the US will continue to increase and more second generation Chinese Americans 將會有越來越多的新移民進入美國, 第二代的美藉華人會增加 • China is growing at a breakneck speed 中國在極速增長

35. “China threat” by US elite 中國對美國精英份子來說是威脅 • Chinese Americans too will grow towards a common positive interest towards the future of China- at a faster pace 美藉華人將會向共同興趣利益一起快速增長