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Cancer 101

Cancer 101. Monica Schlatter, RN, ND, AOCNP. AIDS- related malignancies Bone and soft tissue sarcoma Bladder and kidney cancer Breast cancer Central nervous system cancers Colon and rectal cancer Endocrine malignancies Esophageal, stomach, liver, gallbladder, and pancreatic cancers.

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Cancer 101

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  1. Cancer 101 Monica Schlatter, RN, ND, AOCNP

  2. AIDS- related malignancies Bone and soft tissue sarcoma Bladder and kidney cancer Breast cancer Central nervous system cancers Colon and rectal cancer Endocrine malignancies Esophageal, stomach, liver, gallbladder, and pancreatic cancers Gynecologic cancer Head and neck malignancies Leukemia Lung cancer Malignant lymphomas Multiple myeloma Prostate cancer Skin cancer Testicular germ cell cancer Types of Cancer

  3. Types of Treatment • Chemotherapy • Radiotherapy • Surgery • Biotherapy • Transplantation

  4. Side Effects of Chemotherapy • Bone Marrow Suppression • Infection, bleeding, fatigue related to anemia • Fatigue • Gastrointestinal Tract • Nausea/vomiting • Diarrhea/constipation • Loss of appetite

  5. Side Effects (cont’d) • Heart • Congestive heart failure (low blood pressure, changes in heart rate) • Brain/nerves • Short term memory loss • Cognitive Dysfunction • Peripheral Neuropathy • Vision/Hearing effects • Dizziness • Lungs • Shortness of breath • Cough • Pain with breathing

  6. Side Effects (cont’d) • Liver • Jaundice • Unclear thinking • Pain/Increased abdominal girth • Musculoskeletal • Sore muscles and joints • Fragile bones

  7. Side Effects (cont’d) • Bladder • Bloody urine • Painful urination • Kidneys • Decreased urination • Changes in electrolytes that could affect muscle function • Hormones • Infertility • Symptoms of menopause • Decreased muscle mass • Difficulty in thermoregulation • Decreased libido • Secondary Cancers

  8. Side Effects (cont’d) • Skin • Rash • Increased sensitivity • Dry • Alopecia • Mouth • Ulcers • Dry • Poor dentition

  9. Side Effects of Radiation • Skin • Redness, dryness, desquamation • Alopecia • Bone Marrow • Possible decrease in white blood cells and platelets • Gastrointestinal • Mucositis • Dry mouth • Nausea/vomiting, gastritis, diarrhea

  10. Side Effects of Radiation • Reproductive • Infertility • Early menopause • Urinary • Cystitis, urethritis • Cardiovascular • Clot formation • Pericarditis • Fatigue

  11. Side Effects of Radiation • Skeletal • Pain • Pathological fracture • Respiratory • Hoarseness • Pneumonitis • Nervous • Lhermitte’s Syndrome

  12. Side Effects of Biotherapy • Short term or Infusion- related • Commonly low blood pressure, rash, fever/chills, headache, malaise, and sore joints • Long term • Increased risk of viral infections

  13. Transplantation • Autologous Hematopoetic Stem Cell • The use of the patient’s own cells to “rescue” them following high dose chemotherapy • Used mostly in Multiple myeloma and Lymphomas. Use occasionally in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia • All patients require a central line • Can be done as an outpatient but many are admitted

  14. Transplantation • Autologous: • The patient’s cells are collected then frozen • The patient is then given high dose chemotherapy • The cells are given about 48 hrs following the chemo • The cells grow and “engraft” in about 2 weeks • Most patients are discharged back to their oncologists after about a month

  15. Side Effects of an Auto Transplantation • The same as those listed for chemotherapy

  16. Bone Marrow Harvest

  17. Transplantation • Allogeneic Hematopoetic Stem Cell • The use of someone else’s cells to replace the patient’s immune system to generate a “graft versus leukemia/lymphoma” effect • Used mostly in Leukemias and Lymphomas. Used occasionally in Multiple myeloma • All patients have a central line • Most patients are inpatient for up to a month with no complications

  18. Transplantation • Allogeneic: • The patient is given their “conditioning” regimen (chemotherapy or chemo with total body irradiation) • The patient’s donor is then collected a day or two before the cells are to be given • Donor can be the patient’s sibling, or on occasion, parent, an unknown donor from the NMDP (National Marrow Donor Program), or a cord blood

  19. Cord Blood Stem Cells

  20. Side Effects of an Allo Transplantation • The same as those listed for chemotherapy. • TBI (total body irradiation) usually causes nausea/vomiting, mouth sores, diarrhea, fatigue, and alopecia • Graft vs. Host Disease • Syndrome where the donor cells “attack” the host. • Manifested as a rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and/or loss of appetite • Can affect the eyes, mouth, lungs, liver, kidneys, and muscles

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