Understanding Agriculture Geography: Subsistence to Industrial Transformation

1. GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE

2. INTRODUCTION • DEFINITION • RECENT TRENDS • TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

3. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • SHIFTING CULTIVATION (SC) • TROPICAL FORESTS • SOIL FERTILITY LOW

5. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • SC MAINTAINS SOIL FERTILITY • BY ROTATING THE FIELDS • NOT CROP ROTATION • A VARIETY OF CROPS

10. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • A SMALL PARCEL OF LAND UTILIZED FOR MAXIMUM YIELD • CONSIDERABLE USE OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOUR • PEASANTS – FAMILY LABOR

13. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • OTEN ‘TRADITIONAL’ TOOLS (E.G. PLOW)

14. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • HEAVY USE OF MANURE/FERTILIZER

15. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • INTENSIVE USE OF HILL-SLOPES

16. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE DOUBLE CROPPING IN SOME PLACES CAN SUPPORT LARGE POPULATIONS PARTLY REFLECTS HIGH POPULATION DENSITIES RICE AND OTHER GRAINS DOMINATE

18. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • PASTORALISM • BREEDING AND HERDING OF ANIMALS • USUALLY IN DESERTS, GRASSLANDS AND LIGHTLY WOODED GRASSY PLAINS • PARTS OF AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA.

20. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE TWO VARIANTS: SEDENTARY PASTORALISM AND NOMADIC GRAZING OF CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, CAMELS, ETC. TRANSHUMANCE

21. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • PRACTICE OF BARTER • MAY CULTIVATE CROPS • IN DECLINE

22. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE? • IMPORTANCE OF FARM CHANGED • RELATION TO CAPITALISM • CONCENTRATION OF MEANS OF PRODUCTION

23. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIALIZ-ATION INVOLVES: • MACHINES VS HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOR • INCREASING USE OF INDUSTRIAL INPUTS (E.G. GM SEEDS; CHEMICAL FERTILZERS) • SUBSTITUTES

24. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE UNEVENNESS OF INDUSTRIALIZ-ATION OF AGRICULTURE GREEN REVOLUTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF –INDUSTRIALIZED COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE WHAT IS THE GR? BORLAUG WHY PEACE PRIZE?

25. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE POSITIVE EFFECTS YIELD INCREASE>FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY

28. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • FARMERS INCOME INCREASE • LABORERS’ BENEFITS • PRODUCTIVITY • DOUBLE CROPPING • SPIN-OFF EFEFCTS (REPAIRS) • HENCE GREEN REVOLUTION

29. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • NEGATIVE EFFECTS • ECOLOGICAL • VULNERABILITY OF NEW SEEDS TO PESTS • WATER LOGGING • LOW RATIO OF PRODUCTION PER WATER USE • REDUCTION IN ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (A FEW VARIETIES OF RICE)

30. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF LAND AND WATER • PHYSICAL DISABILITY DUE TO FAULTY MACHINES, EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES, ETC.

32. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • SOCIAL-ECONOMIC • LARGER FARMERS BENEFIT MORE • SMALLER FARMERS IN DEBT • REVERSE TENANCY AND CAPITALIST FARMING

33. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • LABOUR REPLACEMENT • WOMEN • WOMEN FORCED TO WORK AS LABOURERS

35. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • GEOGRAPHICALLY UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT • WHEAT AND RICE, ETC. NOT GROWN EVERYWHERE • LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN POOR COUNTRIES (E.G. IN AFRICA)

37. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • INTRA-COUNTRY INEQUALITY AND THE STATE’S SPATIAL STRATEGY

38. LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • GENERAL PRINCIPLE UNDERLYING LANDUSE

40. VON THUNEN’S AGRICULTURAL LOCATION THEORY ASSUMPTIONS

42. LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • RESULTS • CROP THEORY • INTENSITY THEORY • REAL WORLD EXAMPLES

46. ASSESSMENT

48. SHOULD VON THUNEN THEORY BE ‘MADE TO BE WRONG’?