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GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE

GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE. INTRODUCTION. DEFINITION RECENT TRENDS TYPES OF AGRICULTURE. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE. SHIFTING CULTIVATION (SC) TROPICAL FORESTS SOIL FERTILITY LOW. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE. SC MAINTAINS SOIL FERTILITY BY ROTATING THE FIELDS

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GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE

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  1. GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE

  2. INTRODUCTION • DEFINITION • RECENT TRENDS • TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

  3. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • SHIFTING CULTIVATION (SC) • TROPICAL FORESTS • SOIL FERTILITY LOW

  4. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • SC MAINTAINS SOIL FERTILITY • BY ROTATING THE FIELDS • NOT CROP ROTATION • A VARIETY OF CROPS

  5. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • A SMALL PARCEL OF LAND UTILIZED FOR MAXIMUM YIELD • CONSIDERABLE USE OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOUR • PEASANTS – FAMILY LABOR

  6. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • OTEN ‘TRADITIONAL’ TOOLS (E.G. PLOW)

  7. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • HEAVY USE OF MANURE/FERTILIZER

  8. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • INTENSIVE USE OF HILL-SLOPES

  9. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE DOUBLE CROPPING IN SOME PLACES CAN SUPPORT LARGE POPULATIONS PARTLY REFLECTS HIGH POPULATION DENSITIES RICE AND OTHER GRAINS DOMINATE

  10. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • PASTORALISM • BREEDING AND HERDING OF ANIMALS • USUALLY IN DESERTS, GRASSLANDS AND LIGHTLY WOODED GRASSY PLAINS • PARTS OF AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA.

  11. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE TWO VARIANTS: SEDENTARY PASTORALISM AND NOMADIC GRAZING OF CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, CAMELS, ETC. TRANSHUMANCE

  12. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • PRACTICE OF BARTER • MAY CULTIVATE CROPS • IN DECLINE

  13. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE? • IMPORTANCE OF FARM CHANGED • RELATION TO CAPITALISM • CONCENTRATION OF MEANS OF PRODUCTION

  14. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIALIZ-ATION INVOLVES: • MACHINES VS HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOR • INCREASING USE OF INDUSTRIAL INPUTS (E.G. GM SEEDS; CHEMICAL FERTILZERS) • SUBSTITUTES

  15. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE UNEVENNESS OF INDUSTRIALIZ-ATION OF AGRICULTURE GREEN REVOLUTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF –INDUSTRIALIZED COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE WHAT IS THE GR? BORLAUG WHY PEACE PRIZE?

  16. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE POSITIVE EFFECTS YIELD INCREASE>FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY

  17. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • FARMERS INCOME INCREASE • LABORERS’ BENEFITS • PRODUCTIVITY • DOUBLE CROPPING • SPIN-OFF EFEFCTS (REPAIRS) • HENCE GREEN REVOLUTION

  18. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • NEGATIVE EFFECTS • ECOLOGICAL • VULNERABILITY OF NEW SEEDS TO PESTS • WATER LOGGING • LOW RATIO OF PRODUCTION PER WATER USE • REDUCTION IN ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (A FEW VARIETIES OF RICE)

  19. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF LAND AND WATER • PHYSICAL DISABILITY DUE TO FAULTY MACHINES, EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES, ETC.

  20. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • SOCIAL-ECONOMIC • LARGER FARMERS BENEFIT MORE • SMALLER FARMERS IN DEBT • REVERSE TENANCY AND CAPITALIST FARMING

  21. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • LABOUR REPLACEMENT • WOMEN • WOMEN FORCED TO WORK AS LABOURERS

  22. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • GEOGRAPHICALLY UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT • WHEAT AND RICE, ETC. NOT GROWN EVERYWHERE • LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN POOR COUNTRIES (E.G. IN AFRICA)

  23. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • INTRA-COUNTRY INEQUALITY AND THE STATE’S SPATIAL STRATEGY

  24. LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • GENERAL PRINCIPLE UNDERLYING LANDUSE

  25. VON THUNEN’S AGRICULTURAL LOCATION THEORY ASSUMPTIONS

  26. LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE • RESULTS • CROP THEORY • INTENSITY THEORY • REAL WORLD EXAMPLES

  27. ASSESSMENT

  28. SHOULD VON THUNEN THEORY BE ‘MADE TO BE WRONG’?

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