Chapter 7 Agriculture and Rural Geography

1. Chapter 7 Agriculture and Rural Geography Haley Claunch Tessa Drews Alexandra Nelson

2. Main Topics • Historical Geography of Agriculture • Geography of Modern Agriculture • Agriculture and the Environment

3. Terms to know • Agribusiness • Agriculture • Animal husbandry • Biotechnology • Capital-intensive agriculture • Commercial agricultural economy • Dairying • Desertification • Domestication • Extensive agriculture • Feedlots • Fertile Crescent • Genetically modified organisms • Green Revolution • Hunting and gathering • Industrial Revolution • Intensive cultivation • Labor-intensive agriculture

4. Terms continued… • Livestock ranching • Mechanization • Mediterranean agriculture • Pastoralism • Pesticides • Planned agricultural economy • Plantations • Salinization • Shifting cultivation • Slash-and-burn agriculture • Specialty crops • Subsistence agricultural economy • Swidden • Topsoil loss • Transhumance • Urban sprawl • Von Thunen model

5. Helpful websites • http://www.missmaggie.org/geospy_files/geospy.html • Http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/Controller.jpf • http://www.studystack.com/

6. Quiz Show

7. What are the three sectors of primary economic activities and which sector does agriculture belong in? The primary, secondary and tertiary sector Agriculture belongs in the primary sector

8. Agriculture is the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

9. One of the major migrations involved with agriculture was early Asia to Australia, the Middle East, Europe and Africa

10. What are the changes that resulted from the Neolithic revolution? Increase of reliable food supplies, rapid increase in total human population, job specialization, widening of gender differences, development of distinction between settled people and nomads

11. According to Carl Sauer, the earliest form of plant cultivation was seed agriculture

12. When and where did the second agricultural revolution begin? Began in western Europe in the 1600’s It intensified agriculture by promoting higher yields per acre and per farmer

13. Farmers in less developed countries usually produce food through what type of agriculture? Subsistence agriculture

14. Agriculture and Rural Geography Shifting Cultivation Specialty Crops Swidden Transhumance Urban Sprawl The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile lands Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash-and-burn method The use of tropical forest clearings for crop production until their fertility is lost Crops including items like peanuts and pineapples which are produced in developing countries for export The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land

15. In what ways can subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture be compared? Percentage of farmers in the labor force, use of machinery, farm size

16. The sub regions for subsistence farming include intensive subsistence, shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism

17. What are the sub regions for commercial agriculture? Mixed crop and livestock farming, dairy farming, grain farming, livestock ranching, Mediterranean agriculture, commercial gardening and fruit farming, plantation farming

18. Von Thunen identified market gardening and dairy, forest, field crops and animal grazing as the four rings that surround market centers

19. What are the two main patterns of settlement? Dispersed settlement pattern, nucleated settlement pattern

20. The different building materials for houses include wood, brick, stone, wattle, thatch and sod

21. Agriculture and Rural Geography agriculture Animal husbandry biotechnology Capital intensive agriculture Commercial agricultural economy All agricultural activity generated for the purpose of selling A form of technology that uses living organisms to modify products or for other purposes Art and science of producing food from the land and tending livestock for human consumption Agricultural activities associated with the raising of domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, sheep and goats Form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods to produce large amounts of agricultural goods

22. The village forms include round villages, walled villages, grid villages, linear villages, and cluster villages

23. When did the third agricultural revolution begin and is this still occurring today? It began in the 20th century and is still going on today in the form of industrial agriculture

24. Agriculture and Rural Geography Desertification Domestication Extensive Agriculture Feedlots Green Revolution The development of higher yield crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers for specific reasons A system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area The process by which formerly fertile lands become increasingly arid and desert-like The conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves Places where livestock are concentrated in very small areas and raised on hormones and hearty grains

25. What are some environmental impacts of modern agriculture? Erosion, changes in the organic content of soil, depletion of natural vegetation, presence of chemicals in soils and groundwater

26. What are some of the strategies used to ensure and improve the production and distribution of adequate food products around the world? Expansion of agricultural land, increase in land productivity, identification of new food sources, improved distribution of food

27. Agriculture and Rural Geography Intensive Cultivation Labor-intensive Agriculture Livestock Ranching Pastoralism Planned Agricultural Economy An economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution Agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic space Any agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land Agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful Agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter

28. "Flashcards." Flashcards. Web. 16 May 2012. <http://www.studystack.com/>. Works Cited "Geospy." Geospy. Web. 16 May 2012. <http://www.missmaggie.org/geospy_files/geospy.html>.