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Insects

Insects. Subphylum Hexapoda. Greek Hexa =six + Podus =foot Bodies divided into 3 tagmata Five pairs of head appendages 3 pairs of legs on the thorax. Class Insecta. Head, thorax, abdomen 3 pairs of legs Can have wings 1 pair of antennae

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Insects

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  1. Insects

  2. Subphylum Hexapoda • Greek Hexa=six + Podus=foot • Bodies divided into 3 tagmata • Five pairs of head appendages • 3 pairs of legs on the thorax

  3. Class Insecta • Head, thorax, abdomen • 3 pairs of legs • Can have wings • 1 pair of antennae • compound eyes and 0, 2, or 3 ocelli (simple eyes) • Sexual reproduction, copulation, lay eggs • Examples: Silverfish, Mayflies, dragonflies, mantids, cockroaches, termites, earwigs, grasshoppers, walking sticks, lice, cicadas, beetles, butterflies, moths, flies, fleas, ants, bees, wasp

  4. Locomotion • Insects walk, run, jump, or swim across the ground or other substrates. • When walking: insects have 3 or more legs on the ground at all times, when they run less feet are on the ground • Flight: first animals to fly • Direct flight: muscles acting on the bases of wings contract to produce a downward thrust • Indirect flight: muscles act to change the shape of the exoskeleton for both upward and downward wing strokes

  5. Functions of Insect Pheromones • Sex:Excite or attract members of opposite sex • Caste-regulating:Used by social insects to control the development of individuals in a colony • Aggregation: Attracts individuals to feeding or mating sites • Alarm: Warns other individuals of danger • Trailing: Laid down by foraging insects to help other members of a colony identify the location and quantity of food found by one member of the colony. Pg:244

  6. Insect Behavior • Genetically programmed, although some insects are capable of learning and remembering • Social insects: • Live in colonies • Different members are specialized for performing different tasks • Each kind of individual in a colony=caste • Social behavior is most highly evolved in bees, wasps, and ants

  7. Honeybee Colonies: • 3 Castes: • Queen: • Lays all eggs • Workers: • All female, construct the comb out of wax they produce, gather nectar and pollen, feed the queen and drones, care for the larvae, and guard and clean the hive. • Drones: • Develop from unfertilized eggs, do not work, and are fed by workers until they leave the hive to attempt mating with a queen.

  8. Insects and Humans • Only 0.5% of insect species adversely affect human health and welfare • Valuable services given by others: • Honey, wax, and silk • Responsible for pollination of ~65% of all plant species • Agents of biological control • Soil-dwelling insects: aeration, drainage, and turnover of soil • Promote decaying processes • Important in food webs

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