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Today Nonconventional fossil fuels

Today Nonconventional fossil fuels. Oil shale Shale oil Tar(oil) sands Coal bed methane Shale gas—’ fracking ’ (www.energyfromshale.org) ‘Tight’ gas Methane hydrates All power point images are only for the exclusive use of Phys3070/Envs3070 Spring term 2014. Oil shale (R and K 2.14).

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Today Nonconventional fossil fuels

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  1. TodayNonconventional fossil fuels Oil shale Shale oil Tar(oil) sands Coal bed methane Shale gas—’fracking’ (www.energyfromshale.org) ‘Tight’ gas Methane hydrates All power point images are only for the exclusive use of Phys3070/Envs3070 Spring term 2014

  2. Oil shale (R and K 2.14) • NOT as oil, but solid ‘kerogen’. Energy and water intensive to extract/crack the oil. • two trillion = 2 x 1012 bbl of oil in US shale. • Enough for R / P =2 x 10 12bbl/ 5.43 x 109bbl/yr = 368 years of US consumption!! • Mostly in CO, WY, UT

  3. The end of Hubbert tyranny?

  4. OR- mine it and process on the surface

  5. Shale oilRegular oil pumped out from shale, not sandstone Williston, Bakken Fields Mostly in North Dakota (Lots of jobs! High prices! Police calls!)

  6. NOT oil shale

  7. Tar (oil) sands • Heavy bitumen, tar, 9-13% of the deposit. • Seepage from archaic oil fields, degraded by biology, loss of lighter components. No ‘cap rock’ to hold it. • Heat to extract from mined sands, ‘crack’ into lighter components. • 2.5 trillion bbl of oil ! Even more than in oil shale. • Canada and Venezuela

  8. Oil sands/ Tar sands

  9. Coal bed methane (CH4) Usually a mine hazard. Released during mining (methane is a potent greenhouse gas)

  10. Shale Gas

  11. Shale gas Natural gas locked up in sedimentary shale, evolved from mud. Needs to be fractured, using high pressures. Mostly in Appalachia. (not allowed in New York)

  12. ‘Tight gas’, in less permeable rock

  13. Project Rulison A nuclear explosion of 43 kT (three Hiroshimas) set off in a tight gas formation in Colorado in 1969.

  14. Why the recent gas progress? Federal government incentives!! www.naturalgas.org Encouraged investments, development.

  15. Methyl hydrates • A mush of ice and methane CH4 formed at high pressures and low temperatures at the bottom of the ocean • Estimates are 7000 to 73,000 tera (1012)cubic feet. • Table 2.5, Proved global gas reserves=5475 tcf • Perhaps more than all other hydrocarbons combined.

  16. An opportunity or a problem? • There is probably a lot of methane frozen into tundra and permafrost. This could be released if warmed up, adding a lot of green house heating.

  17. Friday Turning coal into liquids and gasses. Outside reading : www.fischer-tropsch.org Wikipedia www.afdc.energy.gov/..../epa_fischer.pdf (not in the text, uses chemical equations) Advice on Monday’s CAPA

  18. Next week Monday: Overview of fossil fuels,. Review Ch.2 and class presentations. The big picture. CAPA #2 (hints Friday) Wednesday: heat engines, Chapter 3 Friday: efficiency of heat engines.

  19. Gas Games www.youtube.com/watch?v=B36EoEuKjVg

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