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Civil Rights

Civil Rights. 1955 - 1965. Executive Order # 9981. July 1948 Harry Truman integrated the military by issuing this executive order. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. May 17, 1954 Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Segregation in education is UNCONSTITUTIONAL

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Civil Rights

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  1. Civil Rights 1955 - 1965

  2. Executive Order # 9981 • July 1948 • Harry Truman integrated the military by issuing this executive order

  3. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka • May 17, 1954 • Overturned Plessy v Ferguson • Segregation in education is UNCONSTITUTIONAL • Lawyer who argued for Linda Brown was Thurgood Marshall (first African-American to argue before Supreme Court)

  4. May 17, 1954 … Brown v. Board of Education

  5. Brown v. Board of education of Topeka … May 17, 1954 … Segregation in education is UNconstitutional

  6. December 1, 1955 … Rosa Parks • Her arrest prompted the Montgomery Bus Boycott • The boycott made Martin Luther King the leader of the Civil Rights Movement • Supreme Court ruled to END segregation on public transportation • Boycott lasted about one year

  7. Desegregation of Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas • Sept. 1957 nine black students attempted to integrate Central High • Crowd and State police prevented them • Ike sent 101st Airborne to escort them

  8. Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas … Little Rock Nine … 1957

  9. In the fall of 1960, four blacks students from North Carolina A&T went to downtown Greensboro and sat down at the lunch counter at the Woolworth's.  In doing so, they violated the city's segregation ordinance.  They waited calmly to be served, but the wait staff refused to serve them.  Soon, whites began heckling them and physically harassing the students, creating a disturbance.  The police soon arrived and arrested the students for "disturbing the peace."  The next day, more students replaced them at the "all-white" counter.

  10. In 1955, the Interstate Commerce Commission banned racial discrimination on interstate carriers.  However, in 1961 the South continued to enforce segregation in bus terminals serving interstate travelers.  One civil rights group, CORE (The Congress on Racial Equality) decided to test the Kennedy administration's commitment to civil rights by organizing a ride by black and white civil rights workers from Washington, D. C., to New Orleans, La.  At each bus stop, the activists would all sit in the whites-only waiting rooms. On May 4, 1961, the first bus left the nation's capital.  Outside Anniston, Alabama, the Freedom Riders' bus was firebombed.  Another bus arrived in Birmingham, only to be attacked by a white mob.  The FBI provided no protection.

  11. University of Mississippi Riot • 1962 • James Meredith, first black student • Escorted by Federal Marshals to enroll • Riot broke our … two students killed

  12. Birmingham, 1963 • Birmingham was the most segregated city in the South • 1963 protest and march was met with armed police, fire hoses and dogs • Very violent, many injured, Martin Luther King and others were arrested. • Bull Connor was the Sheriff … very, very racist and violent

  13. Birmingham

  14. 1963 March on Washington • Over 200,000 people • Martin Luther King … “I Have a Dream”

  15. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Banned discrimination • EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) • Government would cut off money to groups or programs that discriminated • Government could sue any school district that did not desegregate

  16. Well, I don't know what will happen now; we've got some difficult days ahead. (Amen) But it really doesn't matter with me now, because I've been to the mountaintop. (Yeah) [applause] And I don't mind. [applause continues] Like anybody, I would like to live a long life-longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. (Yeah) And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. (Go ahead) And I've looked over (Yes sir), and I've seen the Promised Land. (Go ahead) I may not get there with you. (Go ahead) But I want you to know tonight, (Yes) that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land. [applause] (Go ahead. Go ahead) And so I'm happy tonight; I'm not worried about anything; I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord. [applause]

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