Green Chemistry: Introduction and Applications

1. Green Chemistry: Introduction and Applications Rich Engler Program Manager Green Chemistry Program Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics US Environmental Protection Agency engler.richard@epa.gov

2. History of Environmental Protection For decades environmental protection has meant controlling exposure to hazardous substances

3. The Past: Managing Risk Risk = (Hazard, Exposure) Historical focus

4. Persistence (slide from Paul T. Anastas)

5. 2009, USA Today Plastic chemical linked aggression in toddler girls 2007, CBS News Wal-Mart Recalls Lead-Laced Baby Bibs 2007, NY Times China Investigates Tainted Toothpaste 2008, US News Your Shower Curtain Might Be Bad for You 2008, ABCNews Parents Concerned Over Potentially Toxic Baby Bottles 2010, Ottawa Citizen Bisphenol A Found in Unlikely Place: Cash Receipts 2010, Science Formaldehyde in Clothing: Nothing to Sneeze At 2010, Bloomberg News Wegmans stops selling reusable bags after lead tests 2010, Maine Public Broadcasting Network Report: Cosmetic Products Contain High Levels of Toxic Chemicals 2010, Salon.com The poison crib: When protective chemicals harm 2009, NPR Toxic Chinese Drywall Creates A Housing Disaster 2010, The Environment Report HEAVY METAL IN TOY JEWELRY 2010, Tampa Bay Online Some skin-lightening creams conceal dark side 2010, ABC Health & Well Being Not so sweet: Chemicals in Fragrances 2009, BBC News Deet bug repellent 'toxic worry' 2010, Telegraph Swimming pool disinfectants linked to cancer 2010, The Age Fears over toxic sunscreen 2010, NY Times McDonald’s to Recall Glasses, Citing Cadmium 2009, The Daily Green Study: Halloween Face Paint Laced with Lead 2010, St. Petersburg Times Study: Lead found in children's drinks and fruit products 2009, CNN Money Mattel fined $2.3 million over lead in toys 2010, NY Times Hydrocarbons in Cereal Stoke New Debate Over Food Safety 2009, The Charleston Gazette Study finds food-wrapper chemicals in blood 2010, The Sun Chronicle Toxic Beauty 2009, Science News Toxic playgrounds

6. EPACT FFCA CERFA CRAA 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PPA PPVA IEREA ANTPA GLCPA ABA CZARA WRDA EDP OPA RECA CAAA GCRA GLFWRA HMTUSA NEEA AMFA ARPAA AJA ASBCAA ESAA-AECA FFRAA FEAPRA IRA NWPAA CODRA/NMSPAA FCRPA MMPAA AQA NAWCA RCRAA WLDI APA SWDA CERCLA CZMIA COWLDA FWLCA MPRSAA WQA SDWAA SARA NWPA BLRA ERDDAA EAWA NOPPA PTSA UMTRCA ESAA QGA NCPA CAAA CWA SMCRA SWRCA SDWAA ARPA MPRSAA BLBA FWPCA MPRSA CZMA NCA FEPCA PWSA MMPA HMTA TSCA FLPMA RCRA NFMA CZMAA ESA TAPA FRRRPA SOWA DPA NEPA EQIA CAA EPA EEA OSHA FAWRAA NPAA AQA FOIA FCMHSA WRPA AFCA FHSA NFMUA WSRA EA RCFHSA TA FWCA BPA FIFRA AEPA PAA NHPA WLDA WA FWCAA NBRA MBCA NPS FAWRA FWA IA AEA AA RHA NLRA WPA YA 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Environmental Regulations Number of Laws

7. Control Technologies • Gloves • Respirators • Self-contained breathing apparatus • “Moon suits” • Stack scrubbers • Waste water treatment

8. Control Technologies • Must use control technologies to protect humans and the environment • Control technologies are expensive • Protecting humans and the environment is expensive

9. SourceReduction Recycling Treatment Disposal Pollution Prevention Act:Risk Management Hierarchy PollutionPrevention

10. Managing Risk Risk = (Hazard, Exposure) Source reduction focus

11. Green Chemistry – Definition Green Chemistry is the design of chemical products or processes to reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances.

12. Green Chemistry Overview • Greener synthetic pathways • Greener solvents/reaction conditions • Designing greener chemicals • Inherently safer chemistry • Process analytical chemistry

13. Green = Good Chemistry Green chemistry is just good chemistry. Why do we need to call it “green”? Chemists routinely accept hazard that is unacceptable outside the lab.

14. Why Use Hazardous Chemicals? • Necessary to perform function • Don’t know the hazard • Can handle the hazard • Speed/Work well • That’s the way we’ve always done it

15. Why Green Chemistry? • Reduce costs • Raw materials, energy, EH&S, disposal, reporting • Reduced need for capital investment • Reduce time to market • Encourage investors • Minimize unknown future liability

16. Chemicals in Products Can Pose Big Risk to CompaniesSource: GreenBiz.com WASHINGTON, April 6, 2007 -- In the wake of costly litigation, product sales bans, and reputational damage arising from asbestos, toxic materials in cosmetics and toys, and Teflon-related chemicals, U.S. investors are becoming increasingly wary of toxic chemical risks - in products, in supply chains, and in their own portfolios.

17. “Green Really Means Business” Source: Newsweek September 23, 2008 — “…Environmental concerns have…emerged as a dominant driver of global corporations, marrying an old impulse to be good stewards of the planet with an equally ancient desire to make money. That marriage may well eradicate the quaint distinction between profit motive and public good, opening up a brand-new world of business practices and investment opportunities.”

18. Business?

19. Principles of Green Chemistry • Prevent waste • Maximize atom economy • Design less hazardous syntheses • Design safer chemical products • Use safer solvents and reaction conditions • Increase energy efficiency

20. Principles of Green Chemistry • Use renewable feedstocks • Avoid chemical derivatization • Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents • Design chemical products to degrade after use • Analyze in real time to prevent pollution • Minimize the potential for accidents

21. Across the life-cycle Green Chemistry Design Framework(Slide from Paul T. Anastas) Use End of Life Distribution Origins Of Materials Manufacturing Waste Prevention Less Hazardous Reagents Atom Economy Renewable Feedstocks Design For Degradation Benign Solvent Systems Green Analytical Methods Use of Catalysis Benign Product Design Design for Safety and Security Unnecessary Derivatives Energy Considerations

22. Green Chemistry across Industrial Sectors (Slide from Paul T. Anastas) • Defense and aerospace • Adhesives, coatings, corrosion inhibitors • Automotive • Solvents, polymers, fuels • Household cleaners • Surfactants, fragrances, dyes • Cosmetics • Builders, chelating agents, dyes • Agriculture • Pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers • Electronics • Solder, housings, displays • Pharmaceuticals • Solvents, reagents

23. Avoid using solvents, separation agents, or other auxiliary chemicals. If these chemicals are necessary, use innocuous chemicals.

24. Use Safer Solvents/Reaction Conditions • CargillDow LLC (now NatureWorks LLC) Poly(lactic acid) Lactic acid Lactide CargillDow, LLC 2002 Greener Solvents Award

25. Increase Energy Efficiency • Traditional urethane paint • Highly toxic diisocyanates; VOC emissions • Requires high-temperature cure • BASF primer • No diisocyanate; low VOC • Rapid cure with hand-held UV lamp 2005 Greener Solvents Award

26. Analyze in Real Time to Prevent Pollution • Nalco Corrosion inhibitor biocide Scale control Cooling water Nalco Corp 2008 Greener Reaction Conditions Award

27. Manufactured Wood Adhesive • Professor Li, OSU/Columbia Forest Products/Hercules (now Ashland) • Formaldehyde-free manufactured wood adhesive • Adhesive modeled on mussel adhesive protein • Plywood, MDF, particle board

28. Pfizer: sertraline (Zoloft) (Pfizer, Inc.)

29. Dow DuPont BASF Bayer Rohm & Haas * Eastman Nalco Engelhard* PPG Cargill ADM SC Johnson P & G Pfizer Merck Eli Lilly Roche Bristol-Myers Squibb Who is Going Green?

30. Green Chemistry • A philosophy, not a discipline. • Not a solution to all environmental problems. • The most fundamental approach to preventing pollution. • Pays off!

31. http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry greenchemistry@epa.gov

32. For further information http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/pgcc/industry_sector.html#pharmaceuticals http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/pgcc/industry_sector.html#pulp http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/pgcc/industry_sector.html#buildings EPA-Design for the Environment: http://www.epa.gov/dfe/ ACS-Green Chemistry Institute: http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_TRANSITIONMAIN&node_id=830&use_sec=false&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=58351cd2-100d-45cd-9652-f51d3a4994b0 (numerous webinars) NSF Standard for Greener Products and Processes: http://www.nsf.org/business/sustainability/product_greener_chemicals.asp? program=Sustainability Clean Production Action and GreenScreenfor Safer Chemicals: http://www.cleanproduction.org/Greenscreen.php Paul T. Anastas, Yale University: http://www.chem.yale.edu/faculty/anastas.html John Warner: http://www.warnerbabcock.com/ Great Lakes Green Chemistry Network: www.glgc.org (numerous webinars)

33. Questions Cognizant of GHS implementation in the region, what are the best paths forward? • Focus upon sectoral activities such as pharmaceuticals, automotive, pulp and paper products, commercial institutional sectors, etc.? • Present best practices by major stakeholders? • Explore “drivers” along the supply chain? • Clarify the terms of the Green Chemistry Standard (NSF/GCI-355), its relationship with GHS? • Present main actors in Green Chemistry (governmental agencies, academia, industry, non-governmental organizations) and their information sharing process? • What would be the best format for such follow-up activities? • How could the USG/U.S. Department of Commerce continue to be of assistance on GC, and inclusive of the ACCSQ?