The Age of Jackson: Politics, Native Americans, and Prosperity

1. The Age of Jackson, 1824–1840 During his presidency, Andrew Jackson makes political and economic decisions that strongly affect the nation. Detail of President-elect Andrew Jackson on his way to Washington, D.C., to be inaugurated in 1829. NEXT

2. The Age of Jackson, 1824–1840 SECTION 1 Politics of the People Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans SECTION 2 Conflicts over States’ Rights SECTION 3 Prosperity and Panic SECTION 4 NEXT

3. Section 1 Politics of the People Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Politics of the People The Election of 1824 • Democratic-Republican party has four presidential candidates: - John Quincy Adams has New England’s support - William Crawford has South’s support - Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson both have the West’s support Image • Jackson wins popular votes, fails to get majority of electoral votes • House of Representatives chooses Adams NEXT

5. SECTION 1 Jacksonian Democracy • Andrew Jackson feels 1824 election has been stolen from him • Aims to win next election, helps to split Democratic-Republican party • Split eventually creates 2 parties: - Democrats grow out of Jackson’s supporters - National Republicans grow from Adams’s supporters Continued . . . NEXT

6. SECTION 1 Continued Jacksonian Democracy • Jackson backs interests of common people, supports majority rule • Jacksonian democracy—political power for all people, majority rule Chart • Voting rights partially expanded under Thomas Jefferson’s presidency • Helps Jackson win election, hailed as triumph for common people NEXT

7. SECTION 1 The People’s President • Andrew Jackson, first president not from aristocratic background • Grows up on frontier farm, fights in Revolutionary War, taken prisoner • After war, becomes lawyer, hero in War of 1812 Image NEXT

8. SECTION 1 Jackson Takes Office • Andrew Jackson’s wife, Rachel, dies soon after he wins presidency • Jackson blames death on campaign attacks on wife’s reputation • Inauguration ceremony attracts people from all levels of society • Crowd grows rowdy, forces Jackson to flee White House NEXT

9. SECTION 1 A New Political Era Begins • Andrew Jackson replaces many government officials with his supporters • Giving government jobs to political backers—spoilssystem • Opponents charge that spoils system corrupts • Jackson defends system, breaks up one group’s hold on government NEXT

10. Section 2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans were forced to move west of the Mississippi River. NEXT

11. SECTION 2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans Native Americans in the Southeast • In early 1800s, many Native Americans remain east • Some whites hope Native Americans can adapt to their way of life • Others want Native Americans to move out • Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole: - called civilized because they have adopted some white culture • Tribes hold large areas of land NEXT

12. SECTION 2 The Cherokee Nation • Cherokee adopt white customs more than any other Southeastern tribe • Own farms, cattle ranches, acquire written language • Cherokee Sequoya invents Cherokee writing system • Draw up constitution based on U.S. Constitution, found Cherokee Nation • Gold is discovered on their lands, many whites demand Cherokee move NEXT

13. SECTION 2 Jackson’s Removal Policy • Andrew Jackson wants to move Native Americans west of Mississippi • As Indian treaty commissioner, he makes treaties with southeast tribes • As a result, U.S. government gains large amounts of land • Jackson believes Native Americans have one of two choices: - adopt white culture, become U.S. citizens - move into Western territories Continued . . . NEXT

14. SECTION 2 Continued Jackson’s Removal Policy • Gold found in Georgia, Southern states give whites right to Cherokee land • Cherokee protest, President Andrew Jackson supports states • Congress passes Indian Removal Act (1830) which: - requires Native Americans to relocate west Chart • Policy forever changes relations between whites, Native Americans NEXT

15. SECTION 2 The Trail of Tears • Whites invade Native American homelands • Many Native Americans feel they have no choice but to sign treaties • Treaties require tribes to move to Indian Territory Interactive • IndianTerritory—what is now Oklahoma, parts of Kansas, Nebraska Continued . . . NEXT

16. SECTION 2 Continued The Trail of Tears • Beginning in 1831, Southeast tribes relocate to Indian Territory • Cherokee appeal decision to U.S. Supreme Court, to protect land • Court upholds appeal, Andrew Jackson ignores it • U.S. troops force Cherokee to march west, fall, winter of 1838–1839 • Without adequate clothing, one-fourth of Cherokees die • Harsh journey of the Cherokee, known as the Trail of Tears Image NEXT

17. SECTION 2 Native American Resistance • Soldiers round up Cherokee named Tsali, his family • On way to stockade, they fight, soldier killed • Tsali, family flee to North Carolina, meet other Cherokees • Agrees to surrender if Cherokee allowed to remain on their land • Surrenders, he, sons (except youngest) shot, some Cherokee remain Continued . . . NEXT

18. SECTION 2 Continued Native American Resistance • Seminole refuse to leave Florida (1835), leads to Second Seminole War • Seminole leader Osceola, followers use surprise attacks on U.S. army Image • Osceola is tricked into capture, dies in prison • Some Seminole continue to fight in the Everglades, others move west • Sauk chief Black Hawk leads Sauk, Fox back to their lands in Illinois • During the Black Hawk War, U.S. troops crush Black Hawk’s uprising NEXT

19. Section 3 Conflicts over States’ Rights Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs. NEXT

20. SECTION 3 Conflicts over States’ Rights Rising Sectional Differences • In 1829, U.S. pulled apart by conflicts among its three main sections: - the Northeast - the South - the West • Northeasterners do not want public land in West sold at low prices • Cheap land attracts workers needed in Northeast factories • Westerners want cheap land in the West to attract settlers Continued . . . NEXT

21. SECTION 3 Continued Rising Sectional Differences • Northeast, West back internal improvement such as roads, canals Image • Aids transportation of food, raw materials, manufactured goods • South opposes internal improvement funded by tariffs on imports • South opposes tariffs, economy depends on foreign trade • Northeast supports tariffs, encourages purchase of domestic products NEXT

22. SECTION 3 Tariff of Abominations • At end of John Quincy Adams’s presidency, Congress passes tariff bill • Significantly raises tariffs on raw materials, manufactured goods • Angered by tariff bill, southerners call it Tariff of Abominations • Southerners claim Northeast interests control government policies NEXT

23. SECTION 3 Crisis over Nullification • Vice-president John C. Calhoun creates doctrine of nullification: - state has right to reject federal law it considers unconstitutional - any state can nullify (reject) a federal law within its borders - Congress has no right to pass tariff favoring one area of nation • Doctrine gives South Carolina the right to nullify the tariff • Calhoun hopes doctrine will stop South Carolina from leaving the Union NEXT

24. SECTION 3 The States’ Right Debate • Senate debates doctrine of nullification, Webster-Hayne debate (1830) • Senator Robert Y. Hayne, South Carolina, supports nullification: - gives states a lawful way to defend their freedom • Senator Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, opposes nullification: - the people not the states make the Union Image • President Andrew Jackson opposes nullification NEXT

25. SECTION 3 South Carolina Threatens to Secede • Congress reduces tariff (1832), Southerners not satisfied • South Carolina threatens secession—withdrawal from the Union • Andrew Jackson says he will enforce federal laws • Congress passes compromise tariff (1833), South Carolina stays in Union NEXT

26. Section 4 Prosperity and Panic Jackson’s policies caused the economy to collapse after he left office and affected the next election. NEXT

27. SECTION 4 Prosperity and Panic Mr. Biddle’s Bank • The Second Bank of the United States, most powerful bank in country • Policies of Bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, controls nation’s money • Andrew Jackson thinks bank has too much power, favors the wealthy • In 1832, Biddle asks Congress to renew the bank’s charter NEXT

28. SECTION 4 Jackson’s War on the Bank • Andrew Jackson vetoes renewal of bank’s charter • Claims bank is unconstitutional, a monopoly that favors the few • In his second term, Jackson sets out to destroy the bank Image • Has government funds deposited in state banks • Biddle fights back, makes it harder for people to borrow money • Bank goes out of business, economy suffers NEXT

29. SECTION 4 Prosperity Becomes Panic • People take out loans, banks issue too much paper money • Makes each dollar worth less, prices rise • Causes inflation—an increase in prices and decrease in money value • Jackson leaves office, nation has a false prosperity Continued . . . NEXT

30. SECTION 4 Continued Prosperity Becomes Panic • Next president, Martin Van Buren, takes office, economic panic spreads • Fear about economy known as Panic of 1837 • People demand gold, silver in exchange for paper money, banks run out • Banks default, severe economic slump, or depression, follows • 90 percent of factories in East close, people go hungry NEXT

31. SECTION 4 The Rise of the Whig Party • Senators Henry Clay, Daniel Webster want government to help economy • Martin Van Buren disagrees, economy will improve if left alone • At next election, Van Buren faces new political party, the Whig Party • Whigs oppose concentration of power in the president • Choose William Henry Harrison to run for president • Choose John Tylerto run for vice-president NEXT

32. SECTION 4 The Election of 1840 • William Henry Harrison appeals to common people, wins 1840 election • Dies one month after being inaugurated • First president to die in office • Vice-president John Tyler becomes president NEXT

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