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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Circulation and Respiration. Cardiovascular System. Components: Heart Blood vessels Blood Blood is pumped away from the heart in arteries Blood is pumped to the heart in veins. Components of Blood. 55% of blood is plasma

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 Circulation and Respiration

  2. Cardiovascular System • Components: Heart Blood vessels Blood • Blood is pumped away from the heart in arteries • Blood is pumped to the heart in veins

  3. Components of Blood • 55% of blood is plasma • Plasma is the liquid part of blood and is mostly water. • Plasma is also made of proteins. • There are three types of blood proteins: 1. Albumin – regulates the amount of water in the blood 2. Globulins – antibodies 3. Fibrinogen – helps the blood clot

  4. Components of Blood • Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) • Red blood cells carry oxygen • RBCs have no nuclei • Their cytoplasm contains hemoglobin – a special iron containing protein that unites with oxygen • Anemia is a disorder resulting from too little oxygen being carried by the blood. • Sickle cell anemia is a disorder where the blood is shaped incorrectly and therefore cannot carry oxygen.

  5. Components of Blood • RBCs are produced in the bone marrow • RBCs last about 120 days • RBCs are stored in the spleen

  6. Components of Blood • White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) • Produced in bone marrow • WBCs fight infections • If your blood has more than a normal amount of white blood cells, you probably have in infection • In some cases it may be a sign of disease like leukemia

  7. Components of Blood • Platelets are the blood clotters of the blood • They cause the blood to clott and and therefore “patch” a hole in the blood vessel

  8. Blood Types • Your immune system guards you against invaders… • Your body’s cells have “tags” that identify them to your immune cells… • This includes your blood cells… • They have “tags” that scientists call “types”…

  9. Blood Types • There are only 2 major “tags” • They are called A and B • A and B “tags” are referred to as agglutinogens…due to the way they cause blood cells to clump together if the wrong blood type is present… • A person with A type blood only has A “tags”… • A person with B type blood only has B “tags”… • A person with AB has A and B “tags”… • A person with no agglutinogens has type O blood…

  10. Blood Types • Anyone can receive type O blood because it has no tags… • Type O people are referred to as “universal donors” • Type AB people can receive donations from anyone… • Type AB people are referred to as “universal acceptors”…

  11. Blood Types The Rh factor: • Rh is another agglutinogen… • Rh positive means the person has this “tag”… • Rh negative means the person does not…

  12. The Heart The Design of the Heart External Features • Located in the center of your chest • About the size of your fist • Encased in a tough white sac – the pericardium • The pericardium membrane secretes a lubricating fluid • There are also arteries and veins extending from the heart

  13. The Heart The Design of the Heart Internal Features • Four hollow chambers • Two thin walled upper chambers – atria • Two thick walled lower chambers – ventricles • A thick vertical wall separates them – the septum • The atria push blood into the ventricles • The ventricles push blood out of the heart

  14. The Heart The Design of the Heart Internal Features • The walls of the heart have three layers: 1. Myocardium – contains the heart muscle 2. Endocardium – lines the interior of the heart 3. Epicardium – outer layer of slippery material

  15. The Heart The Design of the Heart Internal Features • Valves Valves prevent blood from flowing the wrong direction in the heart • A-V Valves control blood flow between the atria and ventricles bicuspid (mitral valve) – left side tricuspid – right side called tri and bi to signify the number of cusps or parts

  16. The Heart The Design of the Heart Internal Features • The semilunar valves Keep the blood from coming back into the ventricles aortic semilunar – blood exits the left ventricle to aorta (blood to body) pulmonary semilunar – blood exits the right ventricle to pulmonary artery (blood to lungs)

  17. The Heart Blood Flow of the Heart • The role of the atria is to ensure the ventricles are full of blood • When full, the ventricles pump blood to the body • The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood – pumps it to the lungs • The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood – pumps it to the body

  18. The Heart Blood Flow of the Heart from the body to the right atrium and ventricle • Blood returns from the body with little oxygen • It returns to the heart through the venae cava – the body’s largest vein • The superior vena cava returns blood from the upper body • The inferior vena cava returns blood from the lower body

  19. The Heart Blood Flow of the Heart from the right ventricle to the lungs • As soon as the right ventricle is fully inflated with blood, it contracts • The pressure closes the tricuspid valve and opens the pulmonary semilunar valve • The blood is then pumped out to the lungs to receive oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide

  20. The Heart Blood flow of the Heart from the lungs to heart to body • The oxygenated blood travels back to the heart through four pulmonary veins (two for each lung) • It enters the left atrium and then left ventricle inflating them • The left atrium contracts causing the left ventricle to fully inflate and contract closing the bicuspid valve • The blood is forced through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta – the body’s largest artery • The blood is sent off to the body

  21. Fueling the Heart • The heart has two coronary arteries that give the heart oxygen. • The heart also has cardiac veins to carry oxygen depleted away from the heart.

  22. The Blood Vessels There are three main kinds of blood vessels: • Arteries – carry blood away from the heart • Veins – bring blood to the heart • Capillaries – link arteries and veins

  23. The Blood Vessels • The arteries branch and form smaller blood vessels – arterioles • Capillaries merge to form small blood vessels – venules

  24. Arteries • The blood in arteries is under great pressure • Due to this, the walls of arteries are thicker than the walls of veins • Arteriole walls have three layers: 1. outer layer of fibrous connective tissue 2. middle layer of circular smooth muscle 3. inner layer of a smooth sheet of cells

  25. Veins • Veins are not as thick as arteries • Even so, the layers of veins are the same as arteries • Veins have valves to keep blood from flowing the wrong direction

  26. Capillaries • Capillaries are microscopic structures • Some are so tiny, blood cells have to squeeze through them • The wall of a capillary is only one cell-layer thick • In capillaries is where gas exchange occurs

  27. Blood Circulation The blood circulates through your body in many ways: • Systemic Circulation • Pulmonary Circulation • Portal Circulation • Renal Circulation

  28. Systemic Circulation • Systemic Circulation is the circulation of the blood through the body everywhere except the lungs. • As blood leaves the heart it leaves through the aorta. • The aorta branches into parts: 1. two carotid arteries – provide blood to the head and brain 2. two subclavian arteries – provide blood to the rest of the arms 3. two common iliac arteries – the branch of the aorta as it approaches the legs 4. femoral arteries – the arteries of the legs

  29. Systemic Circulation • The blood returns to the heart through veins. • Jugular vein from the head • Subclavian vein from the arms • Femoral vein from the legs • Ultimately the blood enters the heart through the vena cava

  30. Pulmonary Circulation • Pulmonary circulation is the blood flow from the heart and back

  31. Portal Circulation • The movement of blood from the digestive organs to the liver • After passing through the liver the blood returns to the heart • Hepatic portal vein takes blood from the digestive system to the liver • Hepatic vein returns blood to the heart

  32. Renal Circulation • The movement of blood from the body organs through the kidneys • The renal artery branches from the aorta to carry blood to the kidneys • The blood is filtered in the kidneys • The renal vein returns the blood to the heart

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