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Understanding Cellular Respiration: The Key to Energy Release

Learn about the process of cellular respiration, which breaks down food molecules to release energy in the presence of oxygen. Explore glycolysis, fermentation, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Discover the differences between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration and their importance in energy production. Enhance your knowledge of how organisms utilize glucose for metabolic fuel. Dive into the fascinating world of biochemical pathways!

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Understanding Cellular Respiration: The Key to Energy Release

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  1. Cellular Respiration

  2. 1. Harvesting Chemical Energy • Plants and animals both use products of photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel • Heterotrophs: must take in energy from outside sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals • When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins, and fats-these foods don’t come to us the way our cells can use them

  3. 2. Cellular Respiration • Cellular Respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen. • These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals. • 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Energy • Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

  4. 3. Cellular Respiration Overview • Breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm: the liquid matrix inside the cell • At this point life diverges into two forms and two pathways • Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation) • Aerobic cellular respiration

  5. Chemical Pathways Section 9-1 Glucose Electrontransport Krebs cycle Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen)

  6. 4. Glycolysis • Series of reactions which break the 6-carbon glucose molecule down into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate • Process is an ancient one-all organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way • Yields 2 ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down • Yields 2 NADH per glucose molecule

  7. Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

  8. 5. Fermentation • Releases energy from glucose without the presence of oxygen. • There are two types of fermentation: alcoholic and lactic acid. • Alcoholic fermentation is done by yeasts and some microorganisms. It produces alcohol & Carbon Dioxide • Lactic Acid is produced by muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen.

  9. 6. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration • Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no oxygen • Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds • No oxygen used= ‘an’aerobic • Results in no more ATP, final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogen in glycolysis. • End products such as ethanol and CO2(single cell fungi (yeast) in beer/bread) or lactic acid (muscle cells)

  10. Lactic Acid Fermentation Section 9-1 Glucose Lactic acid Pyruvic acid

  11. 7. Aerobic Cellular Respiration • Oxygen required=aerobic • 2 more sets of reactions which occur in a specialized structure within the cell called the mitochondria • Kreb’s Cycle • Electron Transport Chain

  12.  Cellular Respiration: An Overview Section 9-1 Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm

  13. 8. The Krebs Cycle • During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. • Citric Acid is created in this cycle thus giving it the nickname Citric Acid cycle. • Net ATP Production is 2 ATP.

  14. 8. Kreb’s Cycle • Completes the breakdown of glucose • Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O • Hydrogen and electrons are stripped and loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2 • Production of only 2 more ATP but loads up the coenzymes with H+ and electrons which move to the 3rd stage

  15. 9. Electron Transport Chain • The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP to ATP. • Total ATP 32.

  16. 9. Electron Transport Chain • Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (staircase). • As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to form a total of 32 ATP • Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water

  17.  Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production

  18. 10. Energy Tally • 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic • Glycolysis 2 ATP • Kreb’s 2 ATP • Electron Transport 32 ATP • 36 ATP • Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon

  19. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Section 9-2 Glucose(C6H1206) + Oxygen(02) Glycolysis KrebsCycle or Citric Acid Cycle ElectronTransportChain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)

  20. 11. Energy & Exercise • Quick energy– Lactic Acid fermentation is used to get quick energy and gives off lactic acid as a by product, thus the muscle pain. • Long-Term Energy – Use cellular respiration to produce energy. Exercising or activities that last for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Best form for weight control.

  21. 12. Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration

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