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Arabic (Hindu) NumBER System

Arabic (Hindu) NumBER System.

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Arabic (Hindu) NumBER System

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  1. Arabic (Hindu) NumBERSystem

  2. Hindu-Arabicnumeralsare ten digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). Theyaredescendedfromthe Hindu-ArabicnumeralsystemdevelopedbyIndianmathematicians, in which a sequence of numeralssuch as "975" is read as a wholenumber. TheIndiannumeralswereadoptedbythePersianmathematicians in India, andpassed on totheArabsfurtherwest. TheyweretransmittedtoEurope in theMiddleAges. Theuse of Arabicnumerals spread aroundtheworldthroughEuropeantrade, booksandcolonialism. Todaytheyarethemostcommonsymbolicrepresentation of numbers in theworld.

  3. As befitting their history, the digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) are also known as Hindu numerals or "Hindu-Arabic numerals". The reason they are more commonly known as "Arabic numerals" in Europe and the Americas is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabs of North Africa, who were then using the digits from Libya to Morocco.

  4. Europeans did not know about the numerals' origins in ancient India, so they named them "Arabic numerals". Arabs, on the other hand, call the system "Hindu numerals",referring to their origin in India. This is not to be confused with what the Arabs call the "Hindi numerals", namely the Eastern Arabic numerals (٠.١.٢.٣.٤.٥.٦.٧.٨.٩) used in the Middle East, or any of the numerals currently used in Indian languages (e.g. Devanagari: ०.१.२.३.४.५.६.७.८.९).

  5. In English, the term Arabic numerals can be ambiguous. It most commonly refers to the numeral system widely used in Europe and the Americas. Arabic numerals is the conventional name for the entire family of related systems of Arabic and Indian numerals. It may also be intended to mean the numerals used by Arabs, in which case it generally refers to the Eastern Arabic numerals.

  6. The decimal Hindu-Arabic numeral system was invented in India around 500 CE. The system was revolutionary in that it included a zero and positional notation. It is considered an important milestone in the development of mathematics. One may distinguish between this positional system, which is identical throughout the family, and the precise glyphs used to write the numerals, which vary regionally. The glyphs most commonly used in conjunction with the Latin alphabet since early modern times are 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.

  7. Although the phrase "Arabic numeral" is frequently capitalized, it is sometimes written in lower case: for instance, in its entry in the Oxford English dictionary. This helps distinguish it from "Arabic numerals" as the East Arabic numerals specific to the Arabs.

  8. Origins The digits 1 to 9 in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system evolved from the Brahmi numerals. Buddhist inscriptions from around 300 BCE use the symbols which became 1, 4 and 6. One century later, their use of the symbols which became 2, 7 and 9 was recorded.

  9. The first universally accepted inscription containing the use of the 0 glyph is first recorded in the 9th century, in an inscription at Gwalior in Central India dated to 870. By this time, the use of the glyph had already reached Persia, and was mentioned in Al-Khwarizmi's descriptions of Indian numerals. Numerous Indian documents on copper plates exist, with the same symbol for zero in them, dated back as far as the 6th century CE.[10]

  10. Thenumeralsused in theBakhshalimanuscript, datedbetweenthe 2nd century BCE andthe 2nd century CE. • Brahminumerals (lowerrow) in India in the 1st century CE

  11. Modern-day Arab telephone keypad with two forms of Hindu-Arabic numerals: Western Arabic/European numerals on the left and Eastern Arabic numerals on the right

  12. Thenumeralsystemcameto be knowntoboththePersianmathematician Al-Khwarizmi, whosebookOn theCalculationwith Hindu Numeralswrittenabout 825 in Arabic, andtheArabmathematician Al-Kindi, whowrotefourvolumes, "On theUse of theIndianNumerals" (Ketab fi Isti'mal al-'Adad al-Hindi) about 830. Theirworkwasprincipallyresponsibleforthediffusion of theIndiansystem of numeration in theMiddle East andthe WestInthe 10th century, Middle-Easternmathematiciansextendedthedecimalnumeralsystemtoincludefractions, as recorded in a treatisebySyrianmathematicianAbu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi in 952–953. ThedecimalpointnotationwasintroducedbySindibn Ali he alsowrotetheearliesttreatise on Arabicnumerals.

  13. A distinctive West Arabic variant of the symbols begins to emerge around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, called ghubar ("sand-table" or "dust-table") numerals, which are the direct ancestor of the modern Western Arabic numerals used throughout the world.

  14. The first mentions of the numerals in the West are found in the Codex Vigilanus of 976. From the 980s, Gerbert of Aurillac (later, Pope Sylvester II) used his position to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe. Gerbert studied in Barcelona in his youth. He was known to have requested mathematical treatises concerning the astrolabe from Lupitus of Barcelona after he had returned to France.

  15. Evolution of symbols Thenumeralsystememployed, known as algorism, is positionaldecimalnotation. Varioussymbolsetsareusedtorepresentnumbers in the Hindu-Arabicnumeralsystem, all of whichevolvedfromtheBrahminumerals. Thesymbolsusedtorepresentthesystemhavesplitintovarioustypographicalvariants since theMiddleAges: Thewidespread Western Arabicnumeralsusedwiththe Latin alphabet, in thetablebelowlabelledEuropean, descendedfromthe West Arabicnumeralsdeveloped in al-AndalusandtheMaghreb. (TherearetwotypographicstylesforrenderingEuropeannumerals, known as liningfiguresandtextfigures).

  16. The Arabic-Indic or Eastern Arabic numerals used with the Arabic alphabet developed primarily in what is now Iraq. A variant of the Eastern Arabic numerals used in the Persian and Urdu languages is shown as East Arabic-Indic. There is substantial variation in usage of glyphs for the Eastern Arabic-Indic digits, especially for the digits four, five, six, and seven. The Devanagari numerals used with Devanagari and related variants are grouped as Indian numerals.

  17. References(6 books/articles) • G Ifrah, A universalhistory of numbers : Fromprehistorytotheinvention of thecomputer (London, 1998). • G G Joseph, Thecrest of thepeacock (London, 1991). • R Kaplan, Thenothingthat is : a naturalhistory of zero (London, 1999). • L C Karpinski, Thehistory of arithmetic (New York, 1965). • K W Menninger, Numberwordsandnumbersymbols : A culturalhistory of numbers (Boston, 1969). • D E Smithand L C Karpinski, The Hindu-Arabicnumerals (Boston, 1911). OtherWeb sites: • Astroseti (A Spanishtranslation of thisarticle) • IslamicCity MainWeb site • http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/References/Arabic_numerals.html

  18. Talha ÇÖGEN & Hakan ÇOLAK   

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