Rebellion! Ch. 2 (p. 73-77)

1. Rebellion! Ch. 2 (p. 73-77)

2. Rebellion in Lower Canada • The Lead-Up • 1834: Papineau and PartiPatriote draw up “92 Resolutions” • List of complaints and demands for change • 1837: Britain rejects the 92 Resolutions • Patriotes hold meeting to discuss rebellion • Papineau having second thoughts • Argues for lawful changes through politics • Wolfred Nelson argues for rebellion, wins • “The time has come to melt our spoons into bullets!”

3. Patriote Flag

4. Rebellion in Lower Canada • Nov. 1837: Rebellion Breaks Out • Most militant Patriotes start first fights • Fils de la Liberté = Sons of Liberty • British send troops to Saint-Denis to arrest rebel leaders, stop rebellion • Papineau avoids arrest, flees to USA • Nelson becomes leader of Patriotes, sets up roadblock for oncoming British troops

5. Rebellion in Lower Canada • Battle of Saint-Denis • Nelson and Patriotes at roadblock • Most Patriotes are farmers and middle-class professionals (doctors, lawyers, etc.) • British troops arrive and are attacked • After gun battle, British forced to retreat • Leave six dead soldiers and cannon behind • First and last Patriotes victory in rebellion

6. Battle of Saint-Denis

7. Rebellion in Lower Canada • Battle of Saint-Charles • Two days after Saint-Denis, British attack Patriotes in Saint-Charles • 60 Patriotes dead, dozens arrested

8. Rebellion in Lower Canada • Battle of Saint-Eustache • Patriotes holed up in village church • British set church on fire, shoot Patriotes as they run out • 70-100 Patriotes killed • After British troops leave, English-Canadian volunteers loot and ransack nearby towns and farms • Many rebels flee for US, others arrested

9. Battle of Saint-Eustache

10. Battle of Saint-Eustache

11. Rebellion in Lower Canada • The Final Act • Wolfred Nelson arrested, brother Robert goes to USA to find Papineau • “Papineau has abandoned us. He is a man fit only for words, but not for action.” • Patriotes in USA prepare for 2nd rebellion led by Robert Nelson • Supported by “Hunter’s Lodges” • Secret society hoping to make Canada a republic • 1838: 2nd rebellion fails miserably • Disorganized, poorly supplied, too much looting

12. The Nelson Brothers

13. Rebellion in Upper Canada • Lead-Up to Rebellion • Reformers want responsible gov. • British rejection of 92 Resolutions a big blow to moderate reform • Radical change seems to be the only option • 1836: New Gov. Sir Francis Bond Head • Dissolved the Leg. Assembly, helped elect friendly politicians with bribery and threats • Quick enfranchisement: he gave land to conservative supporters so they could vote

14. Sir Francis Bond Head

15. Rebellion in Upper Canada • WL Mackenzie the Rebel • Mackenzie infuriated by rejection of 92 Resolutions and Gov. Head’s actions • Issues “Toronto Declaration” • Based on US Declaration of Independence • Inspired by rebellion in Lower Canada • Rides through countryside urging rebellion • Plans to march on Toronto, capture the government, and make Canada a republic like the US

16. Rebellion in Upper Canada • Trouble Brewing at the Tavern • Dec. 1837: Mackenzie and 600 rebels gather at Montgomery’s Tavern in North Toronto • Rebels mostly farmers • Gov. Head had sent Toronto troops to Lower Canada to fight Patriotes • City only defended by local militia • Mackenzie leads rebels down Yonge St. towards downtown Toronto

17. Montgomery’s Tavern Now

18. Marching Down Yonge St.

19. Rebellion in Upper Canada • Mackenzie vs. Jarvis • Dec. 5: Mackenzie leads ~600 rebels towards Toronto • Rebels armed with pitchforks, rifles, clubs, and pikes • Rebels run into ~20 loyalist volunteers led by Sheriff Jarvis • Loyalist volunteers tipped off, were waiting for rebels • Both sides very nervous and inexperienced

20. Rebellion in Upper Canada • Worst. Battle. Ever. • Jarvis’ loyalists fire on rebels then run away • First row of rebels return fire then drop to ground to let rebels behind them fire • In dusk, rebels think first row on ground are dead, so they run away too • Rebel advance on Toronto stopped

21. Rebellion in Upper Canada • Battle of Montgomery’s Tavern • Many rebels go home, some regroup at Montgomery’s Tavern • Dec. 8: ~1000 loyalists march to Tavern to fight rebels • Rebels offer little resistance, battle over in half-an-hour • Tavern burned to ground, many rebels escape to USA (including Mackenzie)

22. Battle of Montgomery’s Tavern

23. Rebellion in Upper Canada • Plan B • Mackenzie declares himself “President of the Canadian Republic” from Navy Island in Niagara River • British fire cannons at island, set supply ship on fire and send it over the falls • Border raids by rebels from US into Upper Canada for most of 1838 • Easy to defeat, but brought Britain and USA close to war until rebels defeated at Battle of the Windmill (Nov. 1838)

24. Mackenzie’s Supply Ship

25. Battle of the Windmill

26. Rebellion in Upper Canada • Whatever happened to Mackenzie? • Lived for 10 years in USA • Caused trouble there too • Spent a year in prison • 1849: given a Canadian pardon • Moved back to Toronto • Resumed his journalistic and political career • Served as Member of Parl. for 6 years

27. Aftermath of the Rebellions • Captured Rebels • Most initially sentenced to prison • Many eventually pardoned • Including Mackenzie, Papineau, and Nelson after periods of exile • 20 rebels were hanged • ~60 sent to Australian penal colony • Many died on journey because of horrible conditions • Once there, used for slave labour