BURLE INDUSTRIES Next Generation Large Area Low Cost PMT

1. BURLE INDUSTRIESNext Generation Large Area Low Cost PMT UNO Collaboration Robert Caracciolo and Richard Leclercq 6 April 2005 BURLE INDUSTRIES Aussois, France

2. BURLE INDUSTRIES Overview BURLE INDUSTRIES, INC. Conversion Tubes Power Tubes Real Estate BURLE ELECTRO-OPTICS, INC. BURLE INDUSTRIES GmbH BURLE INDUSTRIES UK LIMITED BURLE deMexico Aussois, France

3. Core Competencies • Conversion Tubes, Lancaster PA • Conventional PMT design and fabrication • Photocathode processing • Image tube design and fabrication • PMT Modules • Integrated VDN, HVPS, signal processing electronics • Power Tubes, Lancaster PA • Design and fabrication of vacuum tubes for power generation and switching • Plating and environmental testing • Ceramic-to-Metal joining techniques • BEO, Sturbridge MA • Microchannel plates • Channel multipliers • Fiber optics Aussois, France

4. PMT Markets • Medical Imaging • Maintain ~ 30% market share and growing • Provide high-volume tubes for both SPECT and PET • Have presence in general spectroscopy, scintillation counting, and HEP • Targeting the HEP market more aggressively • Development of the PLANACON family • Cost competitive fast timing PMTs such as the 8575B. • SBIR grant to develop large area PMT Aussois, France

5. Large Area PMT Program • Actively working on Phase II objectives of a DOE SBIR to develop a 20” diameter PMT with cost < $0.75/cm2 of active area, including VDN and cabling • Will also develop 2”, 5”, and 8” variants • Want to establish close ties with researchers associated with proton-decay and neutrino experiments to aid in development • Represents a BURLE commitment to becoming a major player in the HEP market Aussois, France

6. Phase I Objectives • Define the required PMT performance specifications for future proton-decay and neutrino experiments. • Review potential PMT bulb designs that are cost-effective in high volume production while being consistent with the requirements in 1 above. • Review the various electron multiplier configurations available relative to cost and performance. • Consider methods of integrating the components of 2 and 3 to establish a PMT with the proper performance requirements and yet is cost effective for production. • Consider cost-effective manufacturing techniques for the PMT designs identified in 4 above. • Plan for the capital requirements for manufacturing PMTs as identified in 5 above for delivery times of 5 years and 8 years with quantity of 60,000 20” PMT equivalent. Aussois, France

7. Requirements Aussois, France

8. Multiplier Design Aussois, France

9. Photocathode Design • Requirements for highest possible QE and lowest possible dark counts are in conflict. • Trade-study will be performed and initial PMT builds will be designed to optimize these parameters. Dark counts of 3kcps are possible, but QE will probably be limited to 20% max. • Electron multiplier design will influence the dark counts, and will be considered in that design Aussois, France

10. Phase II Activities • Teamed with the Glass Technology Industry to develop the bulb, tooling, and manufacturing approach. • Establish a shape yielding good electron optics and mechanical integrity • Electron optics studies to establish novel focusing methods • Design, tool, and fabricate the electron multiplier. • Modify existing exhaust equipment to manufacture prototype PMTs. • Manufacture and test prototype PMTs. • Perform environmental tests on prototype PMTs including pressure, shock/vibration, and temperature. • Adapt existing process equipment for low-cost manufacturing. Aussois, France

11. Bulb Designs • Mushroom Shape • Good for electron optics • Large neck area allows for focusing electrode • Manufacturing approach does not yield consistent results leading to lower mechanical reliability • Design is not conducive to modern glass manufacturing technology Aussois, France

12. Bulb Designs • Simple shape, easy to blow • Good for electron optics if mount is elevated to middle of bulb • Excellent mechanical strength • Larger volume than is necessary • Small neck implies simpler sealing techniques Aussois, France

13. Bulb Designs • Possible methods to make this shape highly automated • Good for electron optics except for edge TTS • Good mechanical strength • Mount is lower in bulb • Good use of volume • Small neck implies simpler sealing techniques Aussois, France

14. System Design Aussois, France

15. System Design Aussois, France

16. Ideal Front End Optics • Truncated bulb • Uniform E-field in front of cathode • Small neck • TTD ~ 1.5 ns Aussois, France

17. Electron Optics Optimization • Different Vectors for Simulations • 2 INCH • 5 INCH • 8 INCH • 20 INCH • Build prototypes and test Aussois, France

18. 2 INCH 3D-MODEL Aussois, France

19. Coincidence Resolving Time LSO 4*4*20 mm Test PMT ¾” PMT Na22 CFD CFD TPHC Stop Start 1 2 Delay 5 1 3 MCA 4 Aussois, France

20. 8575B 2 Inch Prototype TTD(ns) FWHM(ns) 0.120.38 0.00 0.49 0.80 -0.210.25 0.00 0.05 0.12 0.800.91 0.71 0.84 0.97 0.990.92 0.82 0.97 0.94 Aussois, France

21. 2 INCH Anode Uniformity Aussois, France

22. General Milestones • 5 Inch PMT 2nd Quarter 05 . Compare with 8854 . Sample to Stony Brook . Pressure Test • 8 Inch PMT 2nd Quarter 06 • 20 Inch PMT 4th Quarter 06 Aussois, France

23. Summary • Interfacing with glass and bulb manufacturers to optimize cost-effective bulb design. • FEA and environmental testing to validate mechanical integrity of bulb. • Employing 2-D and 3-D electron optics models. • Cathode to Dy1 fields • Dy1 to the electron multiplier fields • Design and implement novel focusing elements. Required for a bulb with a small neck. • Validated our design concepts on the 2” PMT. Will continue with the 5”, 8”, and 20” PMT’s. • Reviewing different photocathode processes and or design to optimize balance of QE and Dark counts. Aussois, France