1.42k likes | 1.68k Views
Chapter 4 Alcohols and Alkyl Halides. Overview of Chapter. This chapter introduces chemical reactions and their mechanisms by focusing on two reactions that yield alkyl halides. (1) alcohol + hydrogen halide ROH + HX RX + H 2 O (2) alkane + halogen
E N D
Overview of Chapter This chapter introduces chemical reactions and their mechanisms by focusing on two reactionsthat yield alkyl halides. • (1) alcohol + hydrogen halide • ROH + HX RX + H2O • (2) alkane + halogen • RH + X2 RX + HX • Both are substitution reactions
Functional Group • a structural unit in a molecule responsible for itscharacteristic behavior under a particular set ofreaction conditions
Families of organic compoundsand their functional groups • Alcohol ROH • Alkyl halide RX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) • Amine primary amine: RNH2 • secondary amine: R2NH • tertiary amine: R3N
C C O Families of organic compoundsand their functional groups • Ether ROR' • Nitrile RCN • Nitroalkane RNO2 • Sulfide RSR' • Thiol RSH Epoxide
O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group R Carbonyl group Acyl group
O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group H R Carbonyl group Aldehyde
O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group R' R Carbonyl group Ketone
O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group OH R Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid
O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group OR' R Ester Carbonyl group
O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group NH2 R Amide Carbonyl group
IUPAC Nomenclature There are several kinds of IUPAC nomenclature. • The two that are most widely used are:functional class nomenclaturesubstitutive nomenclature • Both types can be applied to alcohols andalkyl halides.
CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH3 H I Br Functional Class Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides • Name the alkyl group and the halogen asseparate words (alkyl + halide) CH3F CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Cl
CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH3 H I Br Functional Class Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides • Name the alkyl group and the halogen asseparate words (alkyl + halide) CH3F CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Cl Methyl fluoride Pentyl chloride 1-Ethylbutyl bromide Cyclohexyl iodide
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 Br CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 I Substitutive Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides • Name as halo-substituted alkanes. • Number the longest chain containing thehalogen in the direction that gives the lowestnumber to the substituted carbon. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2F
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 Br CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 I Substitutive Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides • Name as halo-substituted alkanes. • Number the longest chain containing thehalogen in the direction that gives the lowestnumber to the substituted carbon. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2F 1-Fluoropentane 2-Bromopentane 3-Iodopentane
Cl CH3 CH3 Cl Substitutive Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides • Halogen and alkyl groupsare of equal rank when it comes to numberingthe chain. • Number the chain in thedirection that gives the lowest number to thegroup (halogen or alkyl)that appears first.
Cl CH3 CH3 Cl Substitutive Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides 5-Chloro-2-methylheptane 2-Chloro-5-methylheptane
CH3 CH3CCH2CH2CH3 OH CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 OH Functional Class Nomenclature of Alcohols • Name the alkyl group and add "alcohol" as aseparate word. CH3CH2OH
CH3 CH3CCH2CH2CH3 OH CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 OH Functional Class Nomenclature of Alcohols • Name the alkyl group and add "alcohol" as aseparate word. CH3CH2OH Ethyl alcohol 1,1-Dimethylbutylalcohol 1-Methylpentyl alcohol
CH3 CH3CCH2CH2CH3 OH CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 OH Substitutive Nomenclature of Alcohols • Name as "alkanols." Replace -e ending of alkanename by -ol. • Number chain in direction that gives lowest numberto the carbon that bears the —OH group. CH3CH2OH
CH3 CH3CCH2CH2CH3 OH CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 OH Substitutive Nomenclature of Alcohols • Name as "alkanols." Replace -e ending of alkanename by -ol. • Number chain in direction that gives lowest numberto the carbon that bears the —OH group. CH3CH2OH Ethanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Hexanol
OH CH3 CH3 OH Substitutive Nomenclature of Alcohols • Hydroxyl groups outrank alkyl groups when it comes to numberingthe chain. • Number the chain in thedirection that gives the lowest number to thecarbon that bears theOH group
OH CH3 CH3 OH Substitutive Nomenclature of Alcohols 6-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-2-heptanol
Classification • Alcohols and alkyl halides are classified asprimary, 1o secondary, 2o tertiary, 3oaccording to their "degree of substitution." • Degree of substitution is determined by countingthe number of carbon atoms directly attached tothe carbon that bears the halogen or hydroxyl group.
CH3 CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3CCH2CH2CH3 Br OH Classification H CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2F OH primary alkyl halide secondary alcohol secondary alkyl halide tertiary alcohol
H H H H O C Cl C Dipole Moments • alcohols and alkyl halides are polar + H + + – – H H = 1.9 D = 1.7 D
Dipole Moments • alcohols and alkyl halides are polar = 1.9 D = 1.7 D
Dipole-Dipole Attractive Forces + – + – + – + – – +
Dipole-Dipole Attractive Forces + – + – + – + – – +
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Alkyl Halides:Intermolecular Forces • Boiling point • Solubility in water • Density
Effect of Structure on Boiling Point CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2OH • 44 4846 • -42 -32+78 • 0 1.91.7 CH3CH2F Molecularweight Boilingpoint, °C Dipolemoment, D
Effect of Structure on Boiling Point CH3CH2CH3 • 44 • -42 • 0 Molecularweight Boilingpoint, °C Dipolemoment, D Intermolecular forcesare weak. Only intermolecular forces are induced dipole-induced dipole attractions.
Effect of Structure on Boiling Point CH3CH2F • 48 • -32 • 1.9 A polar molecule;therefore dipole-dipoleand dipole-induceddipole forces contributeto intermolecular attractions. Molecularweight Boilingpoint, °C Dipolemoment, D
Effect of Structure on Boiling Point • 46 • +78 • 1.7 CH3CH2OH Highest boiling point;strongest intermolecularattractive forces. Hydrogen bonding isstronger than other dipole-dipole attractions. Molecularweight Boilingpoint, °C Dipolemoment, D
Figure 4.4 Hydrogen bonding in ethanol – + + –
Boiling point increases with increasingnumber of halogens Compound Boiling Point • CH3Cl -24°C • CH2Cl2 40°C • CHCl3 61°C • CCl4 77°C Even though CCl4 is the only compound in this list without a dipole moment, it has the highest boiling point. Induced dipole-induced dipole forces are greatest in CCl4 because it has the greatest number of Cl atoms. Cl is more polarizable than H.
But trend is not followed when halogenis fluorine • CH3CH2F -32°C • CH3CHF2 -25°C • CH3CF3 -47°C • CF3CF3 -78°C Compound Boiling Point
But trend is not followed when halogenis fluorine • CH3CH2F -32°C • CH3CHF2 -25°C • CH3CF3 -47°C • CF3CF3 -78°C Compound Boiling Point Fluorine is not very polarizable and induced dipole-induced dipole forces decrease with increasing fluorine substitution.
Solubility in water • Alkyl halides are insoluble in water. • Methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol arecompletely miscible with water. • The solubility of an alcohol in waterdecreases with increasing number of carbons (compound becomesmore hydrocarbon-like).
+ – + – + – Figure 4.5 Hydrogen Bonding Between Ethanol and Water
Density • Alkyl fluorides and alkyl chlorides areless dense than water. • Alkyl bromides and alkyl iodides are more dense than water. • All liquid alcohols have densities of about 0.8 g/mL.
Preparation of Alkyl Halides fromAlcohols and Hydrogen Halides • ROH + HX RX + H2O
least reactive most reactive Reaction of Alcohols with Hydrogen Halides ROH + HX RX + HOH • Hydrogen halide reactivity HF HCl HBr HI