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Chapter 5 – Sensation & Perception. Sensation = reception of stimuli Perception = interpretation of those stimuli. I. Smell & Taste Sensitive by birth Activity level - internal - external. Facial expression Orientation Preference Habituation. Discriminate odors/tastes
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Chapter 5 – Sensation & Perception • Sensation = reception of stimuli • Perception = interpretation of those stimuli
I. Smell & Taste Sensitive by birth • Activity level - internal - external
Facial expression • Orientation • Preference • Habituation
Discriminate odors/tastes - all 4 taste categories (prefer sweet) - many odors • Importance - prefer stimuli related to breastfeeding - enhances survival
II. Touch Reflex responses • shows tactile perception from birth Pain perception grows • born with poor pain perception • develops rapidly
No experience of pain in the womb • Softens birth experience Heart rate • increases in response to pain Crying • specific pain cry • or just more & louder
Importance • Attachment - tactile contact with parent helps build relationship - orphans/preemies with little tactile stimulation fail to develop properly
Learning - by handling object, learn about world - brain structures & body develop
III. Hearing • Good at birth; excellent by 6 months - perfected through exposure to sounds • Head orientation • Activity level
4 Factors infants can discriminate • Pitch - better at higher pitches “motherese” • Duration - differentiate between sounds of similar duration - helps learn language
Location - improve with experience - test via sound in darkened room • Distance - tell how far something is - reach for noisy object in dark?
Importance • Locate objects • Perceive human speech • Perceive danger
IV. Sight • Fuzzy at birth - improves quickly
Testing Vision • Tracking - following objects with eyes
Optokinetic nystagmus - eye movements when watching a moving object - shows acuity
Scanning - looking at different parts of object • Habituation - look longer at novel stimuli
4 Factors infants can discriminate • Brightness • Movement • Pattern/rules • Contrast/edges
Importance • Bonding via eye contact • Perceive face pattern • Recognize parents
Color • Rods & cones - rods on periphery: night vision - cones in center: color & day vision • Poor at birth - see black, white, some red - good at 2-3 months
Depth • Sensitive by 2 months - visual cliff 4 visual cues to depth • Kinetic - movement - by 5 months
Binocular - difference in images in left & right eyes - by 7 months • Perspective - lines moving together indicate distance
Texture - less detail & space between objects indicates depth “Texture gradient” - by 7 months
Integration of senses • Vision & touch - if touched hidden object, recognize it visually - by < 6 months • Vision & hearing - look at location of noisy object in dark room - ~ 3 weeks
Ways of Learning I. Habituation • React to new a stimulus • Reaction dulls -> Learn the stimulus = habituation & discriminate from others • Importance - attention to significant threats
II. Classical Conditioning - Pavlov • Unconditioned stimulus & response - US = stimulus that naturally evokes a reaction - UR = the natural reaction • Conditioned stimulus & response - something always occurs just prior to the US (temporal proximity — cue)
- learn the association between the cue and the US - same reaction to the cue (the CS) • Superstitious behavior - perceiving a temporal link that is coincidental - fears, prejudice, phobias
Extinction - to eliminate the CR - present CS many times with no US - people eventually quit responding - but: people resist extinction - violates rules/patterns
Importance - survival behaviors can be classically conditioned - preparedness
III. Operant Conditioning - Skinner • Rewards & punishments ->behavior • Use operant conditioning to measure infants’ perceptions & what infants can learn
IV. Observational Learning - Bandura • Learn by imitating models • Integration of 2+ senses - use of games • Skills, socialization, & language
Do newborns imitate? - newborns sticking out tongue - or not until ~ 8 weeks