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ENVIRONMENT ANIMAL HEALTH

An animal's ability to express its genetic potential is impacted by the environment in which it exists.. HOMEOTHERMS. Farm animals and humans are classified as homeotherms since they maintain a constant core body temperature across a wide range of environments.Poikilotherms (cold blooded animals su

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ENVIRONMENT ANIMAL HEALTH

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    1. ENVIRONMENT & ANIMAL HEALTH by David R. Hawkins Michigan State University

    2. An animal’s ability to express its genetic potential is impacted by the environment in which it exists.

    3. HOMEOTHERMS Farm animals and humans are classified as homeotherms since they maintain a constant core body temperature across a wide range of environments. Poikilotherms (cold blooded animals such as fish and snakes) do not maintain a constant body temperature, but rather are influenced by the environment.

    4. NORMAL RECTAL BODY TEMPERATURE (o F) Cattle (100.4 – 102.8) av. 101.5 Sheep (100.9 – 103.8) av. 102.3 Swine (101.6 – 103.6) av. 102.5 Horse (99.1 – 100.8) av. 100.0 Chicken (105.0 – 109.4) av. 107.1

    5. SEASONAL CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT In temperate climates, as seasons change, ambient temperature and photoperiod (length of daylight) also change. In spring, both temperature and day length increase. In fall, both temperature and day length decrease. Hormonal changes help the animals adapt.

    6. Basal Metabolic Rate The thyroid gland near the trachea controls basal metabolic rate (BMR). As cool air is inspired, thyroxine secretion increases and BMR increases heat production. Hair growth and shedding are also influenced by hormones.

    7. THERMONEUTRAL ZONE The thermoneutral zone (TNZ) or comfort zone is a range of environmental temperatures where heat production and heat loss from the body are about the same. When ambient temperatures drop below the TNZ, animals increase feed intake and reduce blood flow to body extremities. Mammals generate heat by shivering. Birds fluff their feathers to increase insulation space around their bodies.

    8. THERMONEUTRAL ZONE When ambient temperature rises above the TNZ, water consumption increases, respiration rate increases and if the animal can sweat, perspiration increases. Evaporation of sweat results in cooling.

    9. Effect of Temperature on Feed Intake, Maintenance & Gain

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