Scientific goals of Phobos samples laboratory studies ( Phobos -soil program)

1. Scientific goals of Phobos samples laboratory studies (Phobos-soil program) Eric M. Galimov, Yuri A. Kostitsyn V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (GEOKHI) RAS 13October 2010

2. What do we know about Phobos? Phobos image from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter space craft, 23 March 2008 Phobos and Mars Data from Phobos-2SC, 1989 27×22×19 km mass 1.082×1014g spec.gravity ~1.85 g/cm3

3. Our questions to Phobos 10.04.2008 NASA • Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars?

4. 8 OrdinaryChondrites Primitive water 6 Earth SNC meteorites Moon 4 2 CH CM d17O, ‰ CR 0 Carbonaceous Chondrites -2 CV -4 CO -6 15 0 5 10 d18O, ‰ Oxygen isotopic composition of Moon and Earth is the same in terms of D17O value. Moon data scatters along Terrestrial Fractionation Line (TFL) with a slope ≈0.52 Martian meteorites data (SNC)are located above TFL by 0.3‰ of D17O CAI and carbonaceous chondrites data are scattered along line with a slope ≈1 Are Phobos and Mars identical in oxygen isotopic composition?

5. SIMS Cameca-1280 18O/17O/16O: 1s = 0.05 ‰ for spot size ~15 m

6. Mgas/Mbody Yu.A.Shukoliukov, 1991 It is very likely, that SNC-meteorites (Shergottites, Nakhlitesand Shassignites) – are samples of Martian magmatic rocks

7. Our questions to Phobos • Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? • How primitive is Phobosmaterial? Phobos=CI?

8. Sm/Nd=0.325 T=4.56 Ga 147Sm 143Nd Kostitsyn, 2004

9. 146Sm 142Nd Chondrites: Sm/Nd=0.325(Jacobsen&Wasserburg, 1980) Earth: Sm/Nd=0.350(Kostitsyn, 2004) SNC: Sm/Nd≈0.340(Caro et al., 2008) Phobos: Sm/Nd = ? M.Boyet,R.W.Carlson. Science. 2005. Vol.309. P.576-581.

10. Our questions to Phobos • Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? • How primitive is Phobosmaterial? Phobos=CI? • Does it contain some relict components?

11. Isotopic anomalies in the earliest minerals – Ca-Al inclusions (CAI) of Allende chondrite Ca Ti Birck, 2004 Excess of r-isotopes! Cr Ni

12. Isotopic anomalies in SiC and graphite grains of carbonaceous chondrite Murchison (CM2) Mo Xe Birck, 2004 Excess of s-isotopes! Ba Nd

13. Cameca Nano-SIMS 50L Minimal spot size 50 × 50nm 18O/17O/16O: 1s = 0.5 – 1.5 ‰ For spot 10 × 10 m

14. Our questions to Phobos • Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? • How primitive is Phobosmaterial? Phobos=CI? • Does it contain some relict components? • What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material?

15. Our questions to Phobos • Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? • How primitive is Phobosmaterial? Phobos=CI? • Does it contain some relict components? • What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? • Events chronology on Phobos: Long-living (Sm-Nd, U-Pb, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, Lu-Hf, Re-Os) and short-living isotopic systems

16. Short-living nuclides in the Sun system

17. 53Mn – 53Cr Phobos? (HED) (SNC) Shukoliukov, Lugmair, 2004

18. Our questions to Phobos • Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? • How primitive is Phobosmaterial? Phobos=CI? • Does it contain some relict components? • What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? • Events chronology on Phobos • Is there organic material on Phobos?

19. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenine N H 2 C N Ribose N C C H O H O O H H H C C N N P O P O P O H O C O C C O O H O H H H H H Phosphates C C O H O H

20. Main directions of Phobos samples laboratory treatment

21. Physical, petrographic and mineralogical studies • Preliminary diagnostic of obtained material, assessment of its mass;physical, granulometric features, phase composition. Techniques and equipment: • Optical microscopes • X-ray difractometer • Scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectroscopy detector (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction detector (EBSD) • Samples preparation to various types of analysis:thin sections, polished section, defragmentation, mineral isolation, etc. Techniques and equipment: • SelFrag-Lab - high-voltage pulses selective fragmentation

22. Chemical analysis • In-situ techniques (almost non-destructive) • X-ray microprobe • Electron microscopy with energy-dispersive detector • Secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS) • Laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) • Destructive techniques (application depends from quantity of obtained material) • Using powdered samples (XRF, INNA) • Using samples solutions (ICP-MS, ICP-AES, AAS) • Using vacuum heating or crushing (gas mass-spectrometry including noble gas analysis)

23. Isotopic studies Organic matter studies • Organic molecules composition and structure (HPLC/HRMS Exactive with extraction systems) • Isotopic composition of organic matter: H,O, C, N, S (MAT-253 and sample preparation systems) Stable isotope variations H,O, C, N, S, Fe, Cr (MAT-253with sample preparation systems, MC-ICP-MS Neptune) Long-living decay systems:U-Th-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf, Re-Pt-Os, K-Ar (Triton, Neptune, ARGUS) Short-living decay systems: 26Al-26Mg, 182Hf-182W, 53Mn-53Cr, 129I-129Xe, 244Pu-136Xe (Neptune, HELIX)

24. Our questions to Phobos • Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? • How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? • Does it contain some relict components? • What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? • Events chronology on Phobos • Is there organic material on Phobos?

25. Thank you