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2. I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid ErasII. An Age of Learning and Artistic RefinementsIII. The Coming of Islam to South AsiaIV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia

3. I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries peasant revolts Al-Mahdi (775-785) Shi-a unreconciled succession not secure

4. I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras A. Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes Harun al-Rashid son of al-Mahdi The Thousand and One Nights Barmicides Persian advisors death followed by civil war al-Ma'mun B. Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder Civil unrest Caliphs build lavishly tax burden increases agriculture suffers

5. I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras C. The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society Seclusion, veil Polygyny D. Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power Former provinces threaten Abbasids Buyids, Persia take Baghdad, 945 Sultans Seljuk Turks 1055, defeat Buyids Sunnis Shi'a purges defeat Byzantines, EgyptE. The Impact of the Christian Crusades 1096, Western European Christian knights small kingdoms established Saladin retakes lands last in 1291

6. II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements Urban growth Merchants thrive A. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature Persian the court language administration, literature Arabic in religion, law, sciences Calligraphy Firdawsi Shah-Nama epic poem Sa'di Omar Kayyan Rubaiyat

7. II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements B. Achievements in the Sciences  Math build on Greek work  Chemistry experiments Al-Razi Al-Biruni specific weights Medicine hospitals courses of study

8. C. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion Sufis mysticism Ulama conservative against outside influence Greek philosophy rejected Qur'an sufficient Al-Ghazali synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas opposed by orthodoxy  D. New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate Mongols Chinggis Khan Hulegu 1258, Baghdad falls last Abbasid killed

9. III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central Conflict between two different systems Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system

10. III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia A. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions First Muslims as traders, 8th century attacks lead to invasion Muhammad ibn Qasim Umayyad general takes Sind, Indus valleys Indians treated as dhimmi B. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization Math, medicine, music, astronomy India influences Arab

11. III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia C. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan Mahmud of Ghazni begins invasion of India  Muhammad of Ghur Persian state in Indus valley thence to Bengal his lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak forms state at Delhi Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years D. Patterns of Conversion Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables also conversion to escape taxes Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries

12. III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia E. Patterns of Accommodation High-caste Hindus remain apart Muslims also often fail to integrate F. Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival Bhakti devotional cults emotional approach caste distinctions dissolved Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially Mira Bai, Kabir, songs in regional languages G. Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India  at the End of the Sultanate Period Brahmins v. ulama > separate communities

13. IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Shrivijaya A. Trading Contacts and Conversion Trading leads to peaceful conversion Sufis important starting with Sumatran ports Malacca thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java) Coastal cities especially receptive Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam B. Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam Important mystical strain Women in a stronger position matrilineal