Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Thinking critically with psychological science Chapter 1

2. Hindsight bias • The tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. • This is also known as I knew it all along phenomenon. Chapter 1

3. Critical thinking • Thinking that does not blindly except arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns and values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. Chapter 1

4. Theory • An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predict behaviors or events. Chapter 1

5. Hypothesis • A testable prediction, Often implied by a theory. Chapter 1

6. Operational definition • A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. • For example, human intelligence may be operationally define as what an intelligent test measures. Chapter 1

7. Replication • Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants in circumstances. Chapter 1

8. The scientific method • A self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature’s answer. Chapter 1

9. Case study • An observation technique in which one person is study in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. Chapter 1

10. Survey • A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. Chapter 1

11. False consensus effect • The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. she is pretty Chapter 1

12. Population • All the cases in the group, for which samples may be drawn for a study. Chapter 1

13. Random sample • A sample of the fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. Chapter 1

14. Naturalistic observation • Observing and recording behavior naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. Chapter 1

15. Correlation • A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and us of how well either factor predicts the other. Chapter 1

16. Correlation coefficient • Is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1 Chapter 1

17. Scatterplot • A graph cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of two variables. The slope of the points are just the direction of the relationship between the two very most. The amount of scattered suggest the strength of the correlation. Chapter 1

18. Double-blind procedure • And experimental procedure would put the research participants in the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Chapter 1

19. Placebo effect • Experimental results caused by expectations alone; and the effect on behavior caused by the ministration of an inner substance or condition which is assumed to be an active agent. Chapter 1

20. Experimental condition • The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. Chapter 1

21. Control condition • The condition of experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison to evaluating the effects of the treatment. Chapter 1

22. Random assignment • Assigning participants to an experimental and control condition by chance, plus minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups. Chapter 1

23. Independent variable • The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Chapter 1

24. Dependent variable • The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulation of the independent variable. Chapter 1

25. Mode • The most frequent occurrence score in a distribution Chapter 1

26. Mean • The arithmetic average of distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then divided by the number of scores. Chapter 1

27. Median • The middle score distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below. Chapter 1

28. Range • The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. Chapter 1

29. Standard deviation • A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. Chapter 1

30. Statistical significance • A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. Chapter 1

31. Culture • The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and tradition shared by a large group of people transmitted from one generation to the next. Chapter 1