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Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton. T J Osler. Sir Isaac Newton ,  FRS  December 1642 – 20 March 1727 was an  English physicist ,  mathematician ,  astronomer ,  natural philosopher ,  alchemist , and  theologian  and one of the most influential men in human history.

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Isaac Newton

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  1. Isaac Newton T J Osler

  2. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS December 1642 – 20 March 1727 was an Englishphysicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian and one of the most influential men in human history

  3. In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge • Soon after Newton had obtained his degree in August of 1665, the University closed down as a precaution against the Great Plague.

  4. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student,[10] Newton's private studies at his home in Woolsthorpe over the subsequent two years saw the development of his theories on calculus, optics and the law of gravitation • In 1667 he returned to Cambridge as a fellow of Trinity.[11]

  5. Newton showed that white light is composed of light of all colors. He used a glass prism to illustrate this.

  6. Electromagnetic Spectrum

  7. Binomial Theorem

  8. Pascal’s Triangle

  9. Newton’s discovery

  10. Newton could now apply this formula to fractional exponents

  11. He could now write binomials to fractional exponents

  12. A replica of a Newton reflecting telescope that he presented to theRoyal Society in 1672[15].

  13. Cassagrain Telescope

  14. Image of a refracting telescope from the Cincinnati Observatory in 1848

  15. Woodcut illustration of a 45 m (150 ft) focal length Keplerian astronomical refracting telescope built by Johannes Hevelius. From his book Machina coelestis (first part), published in 1673.

  16. Robert Hooke FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703)Hooke challenged Newton’s ideas. Newton had no stomach for controversy, so he stopped showing his ideas.

  17. Edmond HalleyFRS  (8 November 1656 – 14 January 1742) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist.

  18. Plaque in South Cloister of Westminster Abbey

  19. Halley told Newton that he and others were working on a problem: • Find the Force of Attraction by the sun that will cause the planetary orbits to be elliptical • Newton replied that he had solved this problem earlier. The solution is an inverse square law. • Halley then urged Newton to publish this and other results.

  20. Newton's own copy of his Principia, with hand-written corrections for the second edition

  21. Although Newton had invented the calculus and used it to derive many of his results, he choose to write the Principia in geometric language. This is because the modern algebraic form of analysis was not yet seen as a suitable form for writing mathematical ideas. It would take another 50 years before analysis would finally end the tyranny that geometric thinking held over mathematics.

  22. Newton’s three Universal Laws of Motiopn were a giant first in the history of science. • Nothing like them had been seen before. • Before Newton, men observed nature and tried to describe nature in geometric (mathematical) terms. • After Newton, we seek the fundamental laws. Then a particular problem is solved by using mathematics with the fundamental laws.

  23. Application of Universal Laws Find the vertical motion of a particle near the surface of the earth, neglecting air friction. Initial Conditions: When t = 0, y = h and v = dy/dt = v0

  24. Use Second Law:

  25. Initial condition 1: When ,

  26. Initial Condition 2: When ,

  27. Newton Derives Kepler’s Law of Areas • Line from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times

  28. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1 July 1646– 14 November 1716) was a Germanphilosopher and mathematician

  29. Controversy over who invented Calculus, Newton or Leibniz? • Today we believe that both men should share the discovery

  30. Isaac Newton in old age in 1712, portrait by Sir James Thornhill

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