Minerals & Vitamins

1. Minerals & Vitamins Chris Ellason

2. Minerals • Macro minerals • Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K and S • Trace or micro minerals • Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn

3. Calcium • Milk fever • poorly mineralized bones • osteoporosis • weak egg shells

4. Calcium • 99% is stored in bones in a 2:1 ratio with P • Controls nerve and muscle excitability • Aids in blood coagulation • Skeletal and heart muscular contraction and relaxation

5. Calcium • Ca absorption is accomplished by active transport • CaBP (Calcium Binding Protein) controls absorption and in most species is Vitamin D dependent • Typically as dietary Ca increases, percent absorbed decreases • Vitamin D deficiency can result in depressed Ca uptake due to CaBP

6. Phosphorus • Poorly mineralized bones • osteoporosis • impaired fertility • Rickets • Stiffness of joints and muscles, dramatic weight loss, and bone degeneration

7. Phosphorus • Approximately 80% of total body P is contained in skeletal system • Serum P occurs in both organic and inorganic forms • Organic form is primarily lipid • Inorganic is in a variety of forms, ionized, bound to proteins, etc.

8. Phytic Acid • P is bound as an ester of inositol • Renders it basically unavailable to nonruminants • Phytate is high in many plant seeds • Some inorganic sources may contain more or less phytate • Can be available for ruminants

9. Toxicity • Can occur in extreme cases • Results in excessive bone resorption • High levels can depress absorption of Ca • Ca:P ratio should be 1:1 to 2:1 in male ruminants • Excess P may cause urinary calculi

10. Magnesium • Grass Tetany • Can replace Ca, and P in bones • Staggering

11. Magnesium • 3rd most prevalent mineral in the body • ½ total MG is contained in bone • Mg in soft tissue is concentrated mainly in liver and skeletal muscle

12. Magnesium functions • Required for normal bone formation • Enzyme activation • ATP enzymes and P transfer

13. Toxicity • Mg toxicity is manifested through • Depressed intakes • Cardiorespiratory depression • Even heart stoppage • Chronic high levels can result in P depletion in bones

14. Potassium • Weakness • emaciation, loss of weight • Dehydration • distended abdomen

15. Function • Major cation of intracellular fluid • Involved in osmotic pressure and acid-base balance • Muscle activity

16. Salt • NaCl • Weight loss • dehydration • reduced performance • delayed puberty

17. Functions • K works with Na to maintain osmotic pressure • K primary function is to maintain acid/base balance in the body • Also involved in processes such as protein synthesis and glucose absorption

18. Functions • Na as the extracellular component of an energy dependent Na “pump” • Maintenance of osmotic pressure • Acid/base balance by its separation from K • Cl is involved in osmotic pressure and maintenance of acid/base balance

19. Sulfur • Growth rate reduction • S containing amino acids • reduced wool and feather growth

20. Iron • Anemia • Common in baby pigs

21. Copper • Faded hair coat • joint swelling • no loss of winter coat • anemia

22. Zinc • Hoof softness • wool slipping • thickened skin • parakeratosis in swine • Pigs 6 to 16 wks old • Deficiency of ZN or inadequate absorption of Zn due to excess Ca • Causes lesions on the skin

23. Manganese • Skeletal abnormalities • slipped tendons in poultry • impaired reproduction • testicular degeneration • defective ovulation • Excess Ca & P decreases absorption

24. Cobalt • Anemia • lowered growth rates • reduced appetite • Needed by rumen bacteria for growth & Vitamin B12 synthesis

25. Iodine • Low metabolism • Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland) • hairless pigs at birth • wool-less lambs at birth

26. Selenium • White muscle disease cattle - muscular dystrophy • Muscle weakness or loss of muscle tissue • stiff lamb disease • Vitamin E & Selenium deficiency • Become stiff, cannot walk or nurse properly and die or starvation • liver necrosis • Destroying of the liver cells

27. Significant Mineral Interactions • Cu, Mo and Zn • Excess Mo and Zn reduce Cu metabolism • Ca and Zn • High Ca and phytate P can inhibit Zn absorption by tying up • Ca, P and Mn • High Ca, P can inhibit Mn absorption

28. Significant Mineral Interactions • Mg and K • Excess K reduces Mg absorption • Mg deficiency reduces K retention and can result in K deficiency as well • Cu and Fe • Cu required for proper Fe metabolism

29. Significant Mineral Interactions • Mg and Ca, P • Excess Mg can inhibit Ca, P absorption will replace these in bones • P and Mg, Ca • Excesses in Mg and Ca can affect absorption • Ca:P ratio at 1.5 to 2:1

30. Significant Mineral Interactions • Zn and Se • Used together improve immune response in combination with Vitamin E • Cu, Mo and Fe • In ruminants these interact and can affect absorption of all three and S

31. Vitamins • Organic compounds in foods distinct from proteins, CHO or fats • Cannot be synthesized by animals and must be supplied by the diet • If not supplied each results in a specific deficiency

32. Vitamins • Fat Soluble • Vitamin A • Vitamin D2 and D3 • Vitamin E • Vitamin K, natural and synthetic

33. Vitamins • Water Soluble Vitamins • Thiamine • Riboflavin • Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) • Pyridoxine • Pantothenic Acid

34. Vitamins • Water Soluble cont. • Biotin • Choline • Folic Acid • Cobalamin • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) • Inositol • PABA

35. Vitamins • Fat Soluble only contain C, H and O • Water Soluble also contain N, S, or Co

36. Fat Soluble Vitamins • Are generally responsible for the regulation of metabolism of structural units • May occur in plant tissues as provitamins • Absorbed in intestinal tract only in the presence of fat • All can be stored when fat is deposited and rate depends on intake

37. Fat Soluble Vitamins • Only K can be synthesized by rumen microbes • Excreted only in feces with fat

38. Water Soluble Vitamins • No provitamins • Responsible primarily in energy transfer • Absorbed more easily and readily from SI • Water soluble vitamins are not stored to a great extent • Excretion occurs both in feces and urine • Rumen microbes can synthesize all

39. Vitamin Deficiencies • Vitamin A - night blindness, mucosal degenteration • Vitamin D - osteoporosis • Vitamin E - muscular dystrophy, liver necrosis • Vitamin K - blood clotting disorders

40. Vitamin Deficiencies • Thiamin (B1) - edema, enlarged heart • Riboflavin (B2) - cataracts, lesions around lips and mouth • Niacin - Ulcers, diarrhea, dermatitis • Pantothenic acid - dermatitis, graying of hair, fetal death, goose stepping in pigs

41. Vitamin Deficiencies • Pyridoxine (B6) - Reduced immune function, increased fat deposition • Cobalamin (B12) - anemia, kidney damage • Folic Acid - anemia cannot tell difference between this and B12 • Biotin - soft hooves, loss of hair, birth defects

42. Vitamin Deficiencies • Vitamin C - bone defects, bleeding gums, scurvy in humans • Choline - fatty liver, bleeding kidneys, slipped tendon in poultry

43. Vitamin Functions in Rations • Cobalamin given as intake stimulant • A - mucosal lining degeneration can occur if not provided in large quantities • E - immune system • Biotin - hoof hardness • Pantothenic Acid - reproduction • Niacin - growth rates and milk production?