Bell Ringer

1. Bell Ringer Describe the geography of Greece and its affects on ancient Greece What belief system stressed social order through the five relationships and filial piety Confucianism in China Archipelagos and mountains isolate groups of people. They developed city states The exchange of loyalty and service for land is known as The spread of Hellenistic Culture is credited to whom? (Hellenistic: blend Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian cultures) Feudalism. Occurred in Europe and Japan Alexander the Great

2. Bell Ringer Between what two rivers was Mesopotamia located? What was the main unifying force in Medieval Europe? The Roman Catholic Church The Tigris and Euphrates Who led the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution? What religion developed in the Byzantine Empire? Orthodox Christianity Maximilien Robespierre

3. Finish your practice regents then get your ‘People to know’ part II homework But first, a review: The Fall of Rome 5:10-825

4. May calendar Revisions

5. Geography Europe has many natural resources including: -Dense forests -flowing rivers -Minerals (iron, Coal, metal ore) -access to major waterways (Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea Great Britain is an Island nation with great rivers, coal and iron ore deposits and fertile lands.

6. Roman Empire The Roman Empire started on the Italian Peninsula. The Peninsula is well protected by Water on the East, South and West sides. The Alps mountains also protect Italy from the north. Due to its location in the Mediterranean Sea, the Roman Empire dominated trade.

7. Roman Empire The Roman Empire developed methods of Democracy, known as a Republic. Overtime this degraded into military empires. The Best known leader of Rome is Julius Caesar. The Roman Empire, though incredibly well trained army, experienced a stable period of peace known as the Pax Romana. During the Pax Romana trade increased in and out of Rome.

8. Roman Accomplishments The Twelve Tables: a law code that established some basic human rights. Still used in the US today Adopted Greek art techniques to create impressive art statues and buildings Built a well maintained road system to quickly transport the military

9. Fall of Rome Over time Rome grew too large to be ruled by a single ruler. The emperor Diocletian split the empire into the Western Rome and Eastern Roman Empires. Western Rome slowly fell into the hands of invading armies and the Church began to be the most powerful force Eastern Rome became the Byzantine Empire. Its capital city, Constantinople, a major trading port.

10. Middle Ages After Rome fell Europe descended into a “dark Age”. The focus of the people was the Roman Catholic church, who threatened excommunication to anyone who challenged their authority. Medieval Europe had limited education and trade. Medieval Europe was split among a number of warring kingdoms, there was not a strong central government.

11. Middle Ages- Feudalism The Feudal System in Europe was characterized by the exchange of loyalty and service for land and protection The lowest class, serfs, were bound to the land. As land changed hands from king to king, the Serfs went with it

12. Middle Ages- Manoralism Lords were grants large fiefs, or estates of land. These estates typically contained several manors. Manors were self-sufficient townships. Each took care of its own needs without outside help or resources. They often used the three-field system to ensure fresh rich soil for crops.

13. Crusades Over time, Muslims invaders from the Middle East tried to establish a foothold in Europe. The Muslim invaders were turned back, first at the battle of Tours. Later, Ottoman Turks attacked the Byzantine Empire. Desperate for help the Byzantine Emperor turned to the Pope for help defending Christianity. The Pope declared a Holy War to help the Byzantines and reclaim the Holy Land of Jerusalem.

14. Crusades Effects The crusades lasted for decades and the Europeans were never successful in maintaining control over Jerusalem. However, returning crusaders demanded the goods they had consumed while in the Middle East. Thus, the crusades brought trade back to Europe. The Knights followed a code known as Chivalry, that stressed respect for women and honorable fighting.

15. The Black Death As trade increased, there was the spread of disease. The worst was the Bubonic Plague, known as the Black Death.

16. Bell Ringer How did Mali become such a rich Kingdom? The split in the Roman Empire created the Eastern Roman Empire known as the… Byzantine Empire Controlled the gold and salt trade along the Western Sahara Who developed the Printing Press in Europe? What are some reasons that Labor Unions formed after the Industrial Revolution? Johann Gutenberg Low wages Long hours Child Labor Unsafe working conditions

17. Renaissance As trade returned to Europe, the Renaissance was possible. The increase in cultural diffusion, along with the growing wealth of Italian merchants started the cultural rebirth. The Renaissance is characterized by Humanism and inquiry. Renaissance thinkers and artists focused on worldly subjects and the individual. The Renaissance also looked to the classical influences from Ancient Greece and Rome. The Medici family and Catholic church became the biggest patrons of the arts

18. Renaissance The main artists and thinkers of the Renaissance were Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and Donatello. Renaissance artists used classical techniques, along with new styles. They discovered how to use perspective to make paintings appear more life like.

19. Scientific Revolution The questioning spirit of the Renaissance also carried over into the Scientific Revolution. Some major discoveries include: Copernicus and Galileo Galilee- heliocentric universe model Isaac Newton- Gravity The Scientific Method used observation and experimentation to prove theories

20. Reformations The sense of inquiry, or questioning, continued to Religion. As the Clergy became corrupt and more worldly, several reformers stood up against it. They started Reformations, or attempts to fix religion. The main leaders were: Martin Luther- hated the selling of indulgences and posted the 95 Theses to spread his ideas John Calvin- believed in Predestination, the idea that God had long ago decided who would be saved. Their followers were known as Protestants, because they “protested” the Church.

21. Age of Exploration • The increase in trade prompted the Europeans to look for new trade routes to reach Asia. The Portuguese were the first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope at South Africa and reach India. The main goal was to reduce the cost of the goods to make bigger profits at home. $ $ Bought by European Spice trader Muslim merchant to Italy Italian Merchant to Europe $ $ Example: De Gama bought black pepper for mere pennies and sold it in Europe for a 600 time increase. Talk about profit!!

22. Age of Exploration Other notable explorers: Christopher Columbus- ‘discovered’ the Americas and claimed them for Spain. Magellan- First crew to sail around the world. EFFECTS-Europeans took over the Americas and established the Encomienda System -Natives died in massive numbers as they were infected by new diseases such as small pox -Global trade was established, and the introduction of new foods to Europe increased the population.

23. Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment occurred in 1500 and 1600s. It grew from the questioning spirit of the Renaissance and Scientific revolution. Thinkers discussed the relationship between the people and their government: John Locke- Natural Rights- L.L.P. Montesquieu- three branches of government is best Voltaire- Freedom of speech is vital These thinkers also established the Social contract, or idea if the government is not taking care of its people then the people can overthrow the government Inspired the American, French and Latin American Revolutions.

24. French Revolution Inspired by the Enlightenment and the American Revolution The people of France were dissatisfied with their King Louis XVI. The three main problems: Outdated social structure- anciene regime Crop failure and starvation Deficit spending There were several constitutions and phases of the revolution, including the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre. The ROT claimed the lives of both King XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette

25. Napoleon Napoleon brought an end to the French Revolution by bringing order, security and efficiency. He created the Napoleonic law codes that are still used today. He also sparked Nationalism among the French and began a campaign to take over Europe. (spread nationalism) Napoleon decision to invade Russia was his down fall. He was defeated and exiled. After Napoleon the Congress of Vienna restored monarchs and redrew the Map of Europe to balance power

26. German Unification The Congress of Vienna had split Germany into a number of different states. However, Prussian born Otto Von Bismarck wanted to unite Germany. Following a policy of Blood and Iron Bismarck began a series of wars to unite the German people. When Germany united, they selected Kaiser Wilhelm from Prussia as the first Germany King

27. Industrialization In the 1750s Great Britain had the right conditions for industrialization: Surplus Capital Resources Large population The Industrial Revolution resulted in massive urbanization as people moved to the cities to find jobs, the loss of traditional values and new economic systems: Capitalism Marxism (communism)

28. Imperialism When a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation The New imperialism was fueled by the need for raw materials and new markets. Industrialized nations quickly took control of land in the Americas, Asia and eventually Africa. Imperial nations set up colonies, protectorates and spheres of influence to gain materials for manufacturing and new markets to sell goods. The British, aided by a large army, quickly gained an empire around the world. It was said, “the sun never sets on the British Empire”

29. WWI- MAIN World War I was known as the Great War or the War to end all Wars. In truth, it was a stalemate of extensive trench warfare. New weapons helped both sides to kill millions: -machine guns -airplanes -poison gas -tanks -artillery The spark that started the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Militarism alliances Imperialism Nationalism World war I was a total war, and all the nations’ supplies went to the war. America tried to stay neutral but the Germans began unrestricted submarine warfare, attacking American merchant and passenger ships. They also sent the Zimmerman telegraph urging Mexico to attack the US. The Treaty of Versailles ended the war but created bitter resentment of the Germans against the rest of Europe

30. Great Depression/ Fascism World War I was followed by a period of credit and consumption. By the 1930s though, the world slipped into the Great Depression. Unemployment hit record highs, money values inflated, and in Germany money was nearly worthless. In Europe a new government emerged, playing on people’s desperation and the poor economic times, Fascist leaders took control. Germany- Hitler Italy- Mussolini Fascist governments created intense national pride and restricted civil liberties to turn the economy around. Fascism- any authoritarian government that is NOT communist

31. WWII World War II began after a long period of Appeasement. Hitler took over many European nations, but it wasn’t until his invasion of Poland that War was declared. World War II was a highly mobile war, with planes, tanks and submarines causing damage throughout Europe. Germany quickly occupied France and began pushing into Russia. However, the United states again stayed neutral, allowing a lend/lease program to supply the allies

32. WWII The United States entered the War when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The US agreed to help on the European front, if the allies helped on the Pacific (Japanese) front. The Allied D-Day invasion was a turning point in the war, and the beginning of the end for German Forces. The Allied forces quickly pushed Germany to surrender and occupation began The war in the Pacific ended when the US dropped two atomic bombs (Hiroshima and Nagasaki)

33. WWII- Turning Point World War II is perhaps best known because of Hitler’s Final Solution, the Holocaust. More than 6 million Jews and millions of political opponents, gypsies, gays and disabled were systematically murdered. After WWII the guards and soldiers who took part in the camps were put on trial. This was the first time that “following orders” was not a valid defense. The Nuremburg trials convicted numerous SS guards and Nazis of the murder and torture of the Jewish people WWII was also the first time that atomic weapons were used in war. This marked the first atomic age and put the world on edge.

34. Cold War The Cold War was a time of hostility without armed conflict between the United States the USSR. The Democratic United States was opposed to the Communist Soviets. Europe was divided by the “iron Curtain” between democratic West and communist East Some Cold War events include: -Berlin air lift -Cuban Missile Crisis -Sputnik (space satellite and race to space) -Vietnam and Korean wars -Afghanistan NATO is created by the democratic West and the Warsaw Pact by the Communist East

35. European Union Many of the nations in Europe today have joined the EU, European Union. This is a trade organization created to promote trade between member nations. By reducing tariffs for participating nations, the EU is meant to promote the purchase of European made goods over American, Chinese or Asian goods.

36. Important people Otto Von Bismarck Napoleon Robespierre John Locke Voltaire King Louis XIV Copernicus Galileo Vasco de Gama Columbus Leonardo Da Vinci Franz Ferdinand Ferdinand Magellan Karl Marx Adam Smith Michelangelo Baron de Montesquieu Mussolini Winston Churchill Martin Luther John Calvin Pope Niccolo Machiavelli Hitler