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Computer Anatomy 101

Computer Anatomy 101. Basic computer organization see Tanenbaum chapter 2 what are the basic components? Most of the time, computer is a black box Let’s start with a gray box. Your program. The computer. Your program. Software. Hardware. Your program. Operating system. Compiler.

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Computer Anatomy 101

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  1. Computer Anatomy 101 • Basic computer organization • see Tanenbaum chapter 2 • what are the basic components? • Most of the time, computer is a black box • Let’s start with a gray box

  2. Your program The computer

  3. Your program Software Hardware

  4. Your program Operating system Compiler Memory Processors Input/Output Interconnection (e.g. bus)

  5. Our Goal • Discuss significant industry trends/events • Build significant functions w/ basic circuits • Understand high-level language translation • Know how a program runs in hardware • Write programs directly to hardware • By the end of the semester, we want to say...

  6. It’s Not Magic

  7. Basic Categories • Processors (and associated circuit boards) • Short-term storage • Long-term storage (and associated cables) • Peripherals (and associated cables) • Power supply (and associated cables)

  8. Typical Physical Architecture • Main engine is the Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Instructions and data stored in memory • short-term (Random Access Memory - RAM) • long-term (not lost when power off) • Work divided among multiple processors • Power distributed to parts via power supply • Instruction cycle frequency dictated by a clock

  9. Design Principles • CPU is the center of the action • Everything else serves the CPU • Each component exists for storing, interpreting or communicating data or instructions • Tradeoff among time, space and money • Memory designed as concentric circles with center as fastest and most expensive • A bus simplifies connecting components

  10. Measurements • Levels of magnitude • small: milli-, micro-, nano-, pico- • large: kilo-, mega-, giga-, tera-, peta- • Space measured in bits or bytes1 byte = 8 bits • Time measured three ways • frequency in Hz (e.g. clock ticks per second) • bits/bytes per second (e.g. transfer rate) • relative speed (e.g. CD/DVD speeds)

  11. Processors • Potential clock speed (e.g. MHz, GHz) • Instructions per second (e.g. MIPS, GIPS) • Heat sinks and fans usually needed • Word size (e.g. 32-bit, 64-bit) • Bus transfer rate (e.g. MT/s) • Number of transistors • Pentium II has 7.5 million • Pentium III has 26 million • Pentium IV has 42+ million (initial release)

  12. Some Types of Processors • Intel’s 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Centrino, Xeon, Pentium M, Pentium D, Core 2, Itanium • Motorola’s 68020, 68030, 68040, PowerPC series • AMD’s K6, K7, Athlon, Opteron, Athlon 64 • Workstations: Sun’s SPARC, Compaq’s Alpha • PDAs: Motorola’s Dragonball, Intel’s XScale

  13. Short-Term Memory • Specs • Potential data transfer rate(e.g. 50ns per lookup) • Capacity (e.g. MB, GB) • Some types • RAM versus levels of Cache • DIMM versus SIMM • SDRAM, EDO, DDR, and others!

  14. Short-Term Memory Organization • Grid of slots to store data • Addresses: every slot has a unique one • Concentric circles with CPU, long-term • Price-performance ratio • Further out means more capacity and cheaper • But further out means slower too

  15. Long-Term Memory • Sometimes called secondary storage • Specs • Potential transfer rate, access time(e.g. MB/s, 24X) • Capacity (e.g. MB, GB, TB) • Spin rate (e.g. RPM) • Store method(magnetic polarity or light reflection)

  16. Types of Long-Term Memory • Hard disk (a.k.a. HDD or fixed disk) • Floppy disk (a.k.a. FDD, 1.44MB diskette) • CD-ROM (capacity: 650+ MB) • DVD-ROM (capacity: 4, 8, 16 GB) • CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW • Zip (100 or 250MB), Jaz (1 or 2GB) • Magnetic tape (e.g. QIC, DAT, DLT)

  17. Long-Term Memory Organization • Random access versus sequential access • Tapes are sequential • Tapes have tracks (think parallel bands) • RAM is random • Disks are part random, part sequential • Disks have tracks (think concentric circles) and sectors (think slices of a pie) • Flash memory

  18. Delegated Processing • Expansion cards (add-on circuit boards) • Localized and specialized circuitry • Examples • sound • video • modem/network • firewire/1394

  19. Putting It All Together • The central component: the motherboard • Pins to connect chips to a circuit board • Ports to connect cables to circuit boards • Slots to connect circuit boards to circuit boards • At least one bus on the motherboard

  20. Making Connections • Hard disk cable connections: IDE, EIDE, SCSI • Bus for expansion slots: ISA, PCI, NuBus, etc. • Monitor cable and port: VGA, XGA, etc. • Specialized ports, e.g. • Parallel and Serial ports (printers, scanners, etc.) • MIDI (musical instrument) • USB (Universal Serial Bus) • IrDA (Infrared, wireless)

  21. Simple Motherboard Layout Expansion slots CPU clock cache slots Input/Output devices RAM slots Long-term storage connections

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