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Mr. Ruark’s Earth Science

Mr. Ruark’s Earth Science. Thought of the Day- What is the Earth composed of?. Using this week’s notes, illustrations, readings (pages 29-32 in your text), please answer the following questions in complete sentences. What layer of the Earth has a “plastic layer” of rock that flows slowly?

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Mr. Ruark’s Earth Science

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  1. Mr. Ruark’s Earth Science Thought of the Day- What is the Earth composed of? • Using this week’s notes, illustrations, readings (pages 29-32 in your text), please answer the following questions in complete sentences. • What layer of the Earth has a “plastic layer” of rock that flows slowly? • What does the word “mesosphere” literally mean? (look at definition on page 31). • True or false: Continental crust is thinner than oceanic crust. Daily Objective(s): We will describe the composition of Earth and its layers. Day 12 Unit 1: Introduction to Earth Science

  2. Earth’s Structure and Processes

  3. What is Geology? • Geology: the study of planet Earth • A geologist studies the forces that make and shape planet Earth • They study the processes that create Earth’s features and search for clues about Earth’s history

  4. What forces cause Earth’s surface to change? Two main forces: 1. Constructive forces: shape the surface by building up mountains and landmasses Surtsey- new island forming off the coast of Iceland

  5. What forces cause Earth’s surface to change? 2. Destructive forces: slowly wear away mountains, and eventually, every other feature on the surface (weathering, erosion, etc)

  6. What’s inside Earth? • Earth’s interior is made up of three main layers: • Crust • Mantle • Core • Each layer has its own conditions and materials

  7. How do you know what’s inside? • Geologists can learn about the interior of Earth by studying the paths of seismic waves • These are produced by earthquakes

  8. Earth’s lithosphere is broken into about 20 pieces

  9. Layers of the Earth Rap https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGO1foDhDb8

  10. Mr. Ruark’s Earth Science COOL DOWN Where is the asthenosphere and what is it made of?

  11. Earth’s Layers 2-D Diagram • Construct the following layers that make up Earth’s interior structure: (30 points) (DONE ALREADY!~) B. Label each layer: • Lithosphere • Asthenosphere • Mesosphere • Outer core • Inner core C. Define each layer, including the following information: (30 points) • Write the definition. • Write was it is composed (made) of. D. Include a title (10 points) FINISH EARLY? COMPLETE CROSSWORD PUZZLE!

  12. The Grand Canyon Image taken from the International Space Station

  13. The Himalayan Mountains

  14. Journey to the Center of the Earth • Write a short story or create a drawing about a fictional journey to the center of the Earth. • Include the following: • Name of each layer • Description focused on composition, temperature, and density

  15. Giant Crystal Cave – Naica, Mexico

  16. WarmUp • Use your notes to answer the following questions: • What is the main type of rock that makes up continental crust? Oceanic crust? • What layer of Earth is made of the crust and uppermost layer of the mantle? • What three factors increase with depth? • What three natural forces erode sediment? • How is the outer core different from the inner core? How are they similar?

  17. WarmUp • Answer the following questions: • Earth’s inner core spins inside the hot, molten metal of which layer? • The asthenosphere is part of which layer? • Which layer of Earth is made of oceanic and continental crust and upper mantle? • Which layer has the highest temperatures? • What happens to pressure as you travel deeper into Earth?

  18. Continental Drift • Hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener • Continents move slowly over Earth’s asthenosphere • All continents were once a giant landmass called Pangaea

  19. Evidence for Continental Drift Hypothesis • Landforms: matching up like puzzle pieces 2. Fossils: fossils of same species found on widely separated continents 3. Climate: • fossils of tropical plants found in Arctic and Antarctica • Scratches in rock in tropical climates caused by glaciers

  20. Fossil Evidence

  21. Climate Evidence Scratches in equatorial rock from glaciers

  22. Hypothesis Rejected • Wegener couldn’t prove HOW the plates moved • Changed in 1970s when geologists used sonar to map the ocean floor • They found under-ocean mountains and trenches • This led to modern-day Theory of Plate Tectonics

  23. Mid-ocean Ridges

  24. Pangea Ultima

  25. Do Now – Friday March 15 • Define the following terms in your notebook (use textbook and PASS Coach book): • Continental drift • Pangaea • Sea-floor spreading • Theory of plate tectonics • Mid-ocean ridge • Convection 7. Convection current

  26. Spreading center along the Pacific mid-ocean ridge

  27. Theory of Plate Tectonics • Plate Tectonics: pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion • Caused by convection currents in the mantle • The movement of plates changes the size, shapes, positions, and features of Earth’s continents and oceans • No plate can budge without affecting the other plates around it

  28. Types of Plate Boundaries • Three types of plate boundaries: • Divergent boundary • Convergent boundary • Transform boundary

  29. Divergent Boundaries • Divergent boundaries = Where two plates aremoving apart • Most located alongmid-ocean ridges: this is calledsea-floor spreading • New crust forms • Magma pushes up, cools, and hardens between separating plates • Older rock is found farther away from the ridge

  30. Seafloor spreading is a constructive force – new ocean crust is formed along the mid-ocean ridge. What is happening to the old crust as new crust forms? Newly formed ocean crust (basalt rock)

  31. As new ocean crust is forming, old crust is destroyed at the same rate • Earth stays the same size Pillow lava

  32. Divergent Boundary • Divergent continental plates form rift valleys • Rift valley: a deep valley formed as tectonics plates move apart, such as along a mid-ocean ridge • Great Rift Valley in east Africa is 3,000 kilometers long (1, 860 miles) • As plates continue separating, someday the continent will split

  33. When plates move apart, rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges form. Which types of diverging plates would create a rift valley? A mid-ocean ridge?

  34. Convergent Boundary • Convergent Boundary: plates are coming together and colliding • Activity depends on types of crust that meet • Oceanic + oceanic = subduction (forms trench and volcanoes) • Oceanic + continental = subduction (forms trench and volcanoes) • Continental + continental = mountain ranges

  35. Subduction Zone • Subduction: oceanic plate slides under less dense continental plate or another oceanic plate • Some crust is destroyed (destructive force) • Volcanoes common near subduction zones

  36. All along the subduction zone, volcanic arcs form, caused by the sinking oceanic plate melting into the mantle.

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