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Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning . Learning = Behavior + Consequences. The Cat Puzzle. Behavior followed by a “positive state” (something satisfying or rewarding) is likely to continue or strengthen Behavior followed by a “negative state” (painful or annoying) will weaken or go away.

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Operant Conditioning

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  1. OperantConditioning Learning = Behavior + Consequences

  2. The Cat Puzzle

  3. Behavior followed by a “positive state” (something satisfying or rewarding) is likely to continue or strengthen Behavior followed by a “negative state” (painful or annoying) will weaken or go away Edward Thorndike: The Law of Effect…

  4. Introduced the concept of operant conditioning • Famous for “Skinner Box” • Life’s work influenced psychology Burrhus Fredrick (B.F.)Skinner

  5. A Skinner Box is a sound-proof box with bar or key pad to record responses

  6. He put his own daughter in a skinner box

  7. A positive reward = strengthens response • A negative reward= strengthens response by reducing or eliminating an aversive stimulus. (subtracts something) What is a reinforcer?A reinforcer is ANY event/consequence that strengthens behavior

  8. Taking aspirin to relieve a headache. • Hurrying home in the winter to get out of the cold. • Giving in to an argument or to a dog’s begging. • Smoking in order to relieve anxiety. • Faking a stomachache in order to avoid school. • Putting on your seat belt to stop buzzing. Identify the aversive stimuliAnd the behavior being strengthened

  9. Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers • Are learned • Examples: $, Praise, grades, etc.

  10. Continuous Reinforcement Intermittent Reinforcement • Every response is reinforced. • Learning happens rapidly. • Extinction also occurs rapidly. • Response is sometimes reinforced-sometimes not. • Learning is slower. • Greater resistance to extinction.princekumar was here We can have immediate or delayed reinforcers…

  11. Shaping= Reinforce behaviors that are increasing similar to the desired behavior • Chaining= Reinforcing every behavior in a sequence How can you use operant conditioning to teach a new behavior?

  12. Fixed-Ratio = reward after a “fixed” set of responses • Fixed-Interval = reward only after the first correct response after a defined period of time • Variable-Ratio = Reward after an unpredictable number of correct responses • Variable-Interval =rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time. Schedules of reinforcement

  13. Examples……

  14. Fixed-ratio

  15. Fixed-Interval

  16. Variable-ratio

  17. Variable-Interval

  18. Unpleasant event or removal of positive stimuli. Punishment decreases or weakens behavior. • Positive punishment= aversive stimuli • Negative punishment= Loss of reinforcement What is punishment?

  19. People/situations associated with punishment become feared, resented or disliked • Encourage escape and avoidance • Can increase aggression Side effects of punishment

  20. Mary’s mom always tries to wait a while before she punishes Mary so that she can calm down and be more even-handed in her punishment. • When Dave runs out into the street, his dad holds him on his lap and softly talks to Dave about how dangerous it is to run into the street • Tom’s dad is warm and affectionate most of the time but his children know that when they do certain things, they will be punished for it. • Mrs. Turner tries to ignore Sam’s wise-guy remarks but he gets attention from other children for being a wise guy. Ms. Turner decides to isolate Sam for 5 minutes each time he disrupts class. • Ms. Andrews send Tim to the principal’s office because he hit another child in class. Tim waits for 20 minutes until the principal gets out of a meeting before he is punished. Effective Punishment?

  21. An individual learns to associate a STRONG aversion to a particular behavior. Aversion therapy (punishment)

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