DNA to Proteins

1. DNA to Proteins Protein Synthesis (making proteins)

2. DNA – RNA - Proteins • This is called the genetic code (or Protein Synthesis) • Also known as the ‘Central Dogma’ • The DNA inside of the Nucleus gives the RNA instructions for making Proteins. • Since the DNA cannot leave the nucleus, the mRNA travels through the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.

3. Changing DNA - RNA • Changing DNA – RNA is called “TRANSCRIPTION” • To ‘transcribe’ is to ‘re-write’ something. • This means there will be a change in base pairing. • A=U (this is different, no THYMINE in RNA) • C=G (this is the same)

4. Transcribe the DNA to RNA • Practice Transcription AAA – TAG – GAT – CCC – TAT - ATT

5. Transcribe the DNA to mRNA • Practice Transcription-answer DNA = AAA – TAG – GAT – CCC – TAT - ATT mRNA =UUU – AUC – CUA –GGG – AUA - UAA Remember: There is no T (thymine) in RNA; instead there is U (uracil) The series of 3 bases is called a triplet or CODONS

6. mRNA – Proteins (amino acids) • Messenger RNA (mRNA) being translated into an amino acid is called TRANSLATION. • You will need page 292 of the blue Glencoe Textbooks for the Amino Acid Codon Chart

7. mRNA – Proteins (Amino Acid) • Translate the mRNA to Amino Acids • You will need the chart on page 292 in blue text books mRNA =UUU – AUC – CUA –GGG – AUA – UAA AA = PHEN – ISOL – LEU – GLYC – ISOL - STOP

8. mRNA – Proteins (amino acids) • Translation • Your amino acid strand should read this mRNA =UUU – AUC – CUA –GGG – AUA – UAA AA= PHEN – ISOL – LEU – GLYC – ISOL - STOP Every amino acid sequence (protein strand) has a start codon (AUG) and a stop codon (UAA, etc.) This is telling where protein synthesis STARTS, and STOPS

9. Practice Work (keep in notebooks) On your own paper, Practice DNA replication 1. ATA – CAT – GGG – CCC- TAT- ATT – CGC 2. TTA – CCT – CCA – GGA – ATA – TTG – CCT 3. ATC – GAT- CTA – TCG – ATC – GAC – GAG 4. GCT – AGA – TAA – AGG – CAA –GAA - AAA

10. Practice work (keep in notebooks) • Practice Protein Synthesis (change each strand to mRNA , THEN to Proteins). 1. ATA – CAT – GGG – CCC- TAT- ATT – CGC 2. TTA – CCT – CCA – GGA – ATA – TTG – CCT 3. ATC – GAT- CTA – TCG – ATC – GAC – GAG 4. GCT – AGA – TAA – AGG – CAA –GAA - AAA