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From DNA to Proteins

Transcription. Translation. From DNA to Proteins. From DNA to RNA. DNA molecule is used as a template for RNA molecule Before we see how we need to know more about RNA. I. Structure of RNA. A. Sugar Molecule 1. Ribose B. Bases: 1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3 . Uracil

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From DNA to Proteins

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  1. Transcription Translation From DNA to Proteins

  2. From DNA to RNA • DNA molecule is used as a template for RNA molecule • Before we see how we need to know more about RNA

  3. I. Structure of RNA • A. Sugar Molecule • 1. Ribose • B. Bases: • 1. Adenine • 2. Guanine • 3. Uracil • 4. Cytosine

  4. Promoter sequence marks the beginning of the gene RNA polymerase binds to the promoter

  5. RNA polymerase mRNA RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain building the mRNA molecule

  6. RNA polymerase RNA polymerase continues until it reaches the termination signal which marks the end of the gene

  7. Summary • What begins RNA transcription? What ends it? • Where does the new mRNA go? • What is it used for? • Make a mRNA molecule from the DNA molecule you replicated

  8. RNA to Protein • mRNA brings genetic information to the ribosome to make the proteins!

  9. II. Types of RNA mRNA Single uncoiled chain. Carries genetic info to ribosome tRNA Single chain folded into clover that binds to amino acids rRNA RNA in a globular form, makes ribosome

  10. The information that the mRNA molecule is carrying is coded into groups made of 3 bases Each group is called a codon and it matches up with an anticodon found on tRNA molecules Each codon codes for an amino acid codon codon mRNA molecule

  11. III. tRNA and Anticodons • Amino acids in the cytoplasm are carried to the ribosomes by tRNA. • Specific tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids C. The tRNA has an anticodon which matches up with the mRNA

  12. Cytoplasm Amino Acid Ribosome attaches to start codon on mRNA molecule The tRNA Ribosome mRNA

  13. INITIATION Cytoplasm Ribosome mRNA The start codon AUG binds with the anticodon which begins translation

  14. The ribosome holds two tRNA at a time A second tRNA (with a codon that pairs with the mRNA) moves into the ribosome . Once the second tRNA is in place a peptide bond forms between the two amino acids.

  15. ENLONGATION When the two amino acids are bonded, the first tRNA leaves the ribosome.

  16. The ribosome moves 3 bases along the mRNA. When the new codon is exposed a new tRNA and its amino acid bind to it. Once the tRNA is in place a peptide bond form between amino acids This makes the amino acid chain get longer

  17. TERMINATION The ribosome continues moving down the mRNA strand causing the amino acid chain to continue growing When the stop codon (UAA, UAG or UGA) is exposed there is no tRNA to pair with it so translation stops and the peptide chain is released.

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